urban

In some urban areas, wealthier people live near attractive physical landscapes, while in LICs the poor live close to ___ and areas at risk of ___.

Positive segregation occurs when an ethnic group gains advantages by locating in one place, while negative segregation occurs when population groups are ___ from certain areas.

The paradox of the poorest people being located on expensive inner-city land reflects their need to be close to sources of ___.

The informal economy consists of small scale, locally owned and ___ intensive occupations.

The existence of ___ belts prevents urban sprawl by limiting urban growth.

As urban areas grow, there is a greater demand for access to ___, sanitation and waste disposal.

Shanghai's population increased from ___ million in 1978 to over ___ million in 2015.

In 2015, there were over ___ million workers in Shanghai, with nearly ___ million working in services.

The urban rail network in Shanghai developed in less than ___ years and carries over ___ million passengers daily.

In 2000, Shanghai had ___ km of roads - now it is over ___ km.

The total quantity of water supply in Shanghai increased from ___ million cubic m in 2000 to ___ million cubic m in 2015.

Over ___% of Shanghai's waste water is treated, and this is set to rise to ___% by 2020.

The amount of garbage produced in Shanghai rose from over ___ million tons in 1978 to over ___ million tons in 2015.

In 2000, less than half of urban sewage was treated, but by 2015 over ___% was treated.

Although the percentage of people with landlines has fallen, the number of people with access to ___ and/or the internet has risen.

Deindustrialization refers to the long-term, absolute decline in ___ in the manufacturing sectors of an economy.

Positive deindustrialization occurs when industries replace their workforce with ___ to become more competitive.

Negative deindustrialization occurs when the number of workers in an industry declines without a rise in ___ or mechanization.

The decline in Detroit's population between 1950 and 2013 can be attributed to falling car sales, a shrinking population, and high ___ costs.

The urban heat island effect causes urban areas to be up to ___°C warmer during winter nights.

Higher incidence of thicker cloud covers in summer and radiation fogs in winter is due to increased ___ and air pollution.

In inner cities, relative humidity decreases due to lack of available moisture and higher ___.

Severe gusting and turbulence around tall buildings create strong local pressure gradients from windward to ___ walls.

To reduce air pollution from transport emissions, one method is to use more energy-efficient technologies such as ___ cars.

Urban traffic congestion is generally worse on ___ compared to weekends.

The transport performance index (TPI) ranges from ___ (excellent traffic flow) to ___ (serious congestion).

Congestion tends to increase during the ___ year starts and during ___ and national holidays.

Traffic congestion can lead to increased ___ consumption and higher vehicular emissions.

In London, approximately ___ people die prematurely each year due to air pollution.

Road traffic noise has been associated with raised blood pressure, heart disease, and ___ stress.

New Delhi is regarded as the most polluted city in the world due to diesel exhausts, construction dust, and ___ emissions.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends ___ dB as a safe average for a 24-hour day.

Exposure to street noise is believed to account for ___ of the average individual's annual noise dose.

The long-term development of young children is affected by attending a school close to a ___ road.

Developers may wish to clear slums in Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro to create ___ and increase ___ opportunities.

The average amount of open space per resident in Mumbai is less than ___ m².

In Bangalore, the number of lakes decreased from over 280 in the 1960s to fewer than ___ now.

The creation of Queen Elizabeth Park in London was a result of the ___ Olympic Games.

Deprivation is associated with low incomes, a lack of ___ opportunities, and ill health.

In Barcelona, one area of deprivation is the inner-city district associated with poor-quality housing built during the ___ era.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Barcelona experienced rapid ___, leading to high unemployment rates.

The combination of employment, housing, and infrastructure was crucial for the ___ of the city and for tackling deprivation.

The majority of criminal activity is concentrated in the most urbanized and ___ areas.

In the UK, the risk of being a victim of household crime is higher in more ___ areas.

Common attributes of known offenders include being young, male, and from a ___ group.

Crime can be tackled by having more police officers on patrol and greater use of ___ cameras.

In 1950, ___% of the world's population lived in urban areas.

By 2050, it is projected that ___% of the world's population will live in urban areas.

Currently, ___% of North America's population lives in urban areas, making it the most urbanized region.

By 2050, Asia is expected to contain the largest number of people living in urban areas, with India, China, and Nigeria accounting for over ___% of the urban growth.

Almost ___% of the world's urban population live in cities of fewer than 500,000.

About ___% of the world's urban population live in megacities.

Cities of all sizes are growing, with megacities and large cities growing slightly faster than ___ and ___ cities.

Resilient cities are economically productive, socially ___ and environmentally friendly.

To function effectively, cities need a properly functioning ___ network and an efficient energy, water and waste infrastructure.

Sustainable urban development meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of ___ generations.

Circular metabolism cities minimize new inputs and maximize ___.

Densely populated cities tend to produce less CO2 per capita and have greater potential for ___ transport.

In the USA, Portland and Seattle were the first cities to adopt ___ plans.

New York's CO2 emissions are about one-third of the average in the ___.

Following Superstorm Sandy, electricity generators in New York were transferred to the ___ floors of buildings.

Geopolitical risks such as inter-state warfare and terrorist attacks are among the most likely risks to occur in ___ areas.

Interstate conflict is no longer physical but uses economic means and ___ warfare to attack people's privacy.

Compact cities minimize travel distances and use less ___ and ___ for infrastructure.

The level of ___ (NO) starts around 40, decreases to 0 around hour 8, then rises back to 40 around hour 24.

Throughout the 24 hours, the level of ___ (SO2) remains close to 0.

The PM10 levels start around 60, increase to 140 around hour 8, then decrease to ___ around hour 20.

The current PM10 standard is constant at ___.

Factors influencing the retail hierarchy include population change, technological change, and ___ changes.

Land prices generally ___ away from the most central area of a city.

The distinction between hamlet, village, and town is not always clear-cut and they share features on a ___ scale.

Industrial zones in cities are often located close to ___ and/or canals.

Only low-order functions are found in a ___, while larger settlements support both low-order and high-order functions.

An urban place is characterized by ___ size, specific features, predominant economic activities, and an ___ function.

A millionaire city has over ___ million inhabitants, while a megacity has over ___ million inhabitants.

Functions of settlements can change over time, for example, fishing villages may become important ___ resorts.

The site of a settlement refers to the actual ___ on which it is built, while its situation refers to its relationship with its ___ area.

Settlement hierarchy uses concepts such as range, threshold, low-order goods, and ___ goods.

An eco-city is designed to have minimal ___ impact.

BedZED has achieved heating requirements that are ___% less than the UK average.

Masdar City is planned to be the world's most ___ eco-city.

In Masdar City, cars are ___ permitted.

The cost of living in Masdar City is around ___ per resident.

BedZED has ___ m² of solar panels installed.

Masdar City is powered by around ___ solar panels.

A city is defined as 'smart' when investments in social and human capital, along with physical infrastructure and ___, enable sustainable development.

Songdo is a model for a brand-new smart city located on ___ hectares of reclaimed land.

The first phase of Songdo City was built by ___ and included the International Convention Centre and office buildings.

Smart meters in Songdo measure ___ consumption and there is micro-generation of wind power and photovoltaics.

Water conservation measures in Songdo mean that commercial buildings use ___% less water than average.

In Mexico City, the level of ___ (O3) peaks at 140 around hour 16 before decreasing to 20.

The rise in car ownership has led to increased personal ___ and the rise of 'leisure' shopping.

The central business district (CBD) is the commercial and economic ___ of a city.

The value of land for different purposes is known as ___.

Urban growth can be planned by the government or can be ___ due to migrants creating squatter settlements.

Investors are attracted to peripheral sites due to good access and often ___ costs.

One reason for counter-urbanization is high ___ prices in larger urban areas.

High-order goods are typically found in ___ shops and department stores.

CBDs are characterized by higher-order retail outlets due to their ___ accessibility to public transport.

A negative aspect of living in a slum is that basic services are absent, especially ___ and ___.

One positive aspect of living in a slum is that they are points of ___ for immigrants.

The UN defines a slum household as one that lacks a permanent housing structure that provides protection from ___ conditions.

In the informal sector, skills are often acquired from outside the ___ system.

Rural-urban migration is the long-term movement of people from the ___ to towns and cities.

Push factors are negative features that cause a person to move away from ___ areas.

Urban sprawl refers to the ___ growth of urban areas at their edges.

Gentrification reverses the process of filtering by upgrading older city properties through ___ them.

The formal economy is characterized by ___ entry, while the informal economy has ___ entry.

Urbanization is defined as an increase in the proportion of people living in ___ areas.

Natural increase occurs when the birth rate is higher than the ___ rate.

Gentrification often leads to the social displacement of ___ people as house prices rise.

Urban growth refers to the increase in ___ size of an urban area.

Suburbanization is largely driven by improvements in ___ systems.

In most cities, 'poor areas' are zones of ___, ___ and ___.

Slums are typically located on land that planners do not want, such as ___, ___ and ___ locations.

In most HIC cities, the highest residential densities are found in ___ areas, while residential density decreases with increasing distance from the city ___.

The family life cycle indicates that individuals may move from ___ accommodation to owning a house as they progress through different life events.