What surfaces do epithelial tissues line?
All external and internal surfaces of the body.
p.19
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How is the classification of epithelium described?
Descriptive and morphological.
p.18
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is the characteristic of simple epithelia?
Simple epithelia contain one cell layer.
p.8
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To separate the internal environment from the external environment.
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What type of polarity do epithelial cells exhibit?
Functional and morphologic polarity.
p.24
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found in the renal system?
In the renal collecting duct (low columnar).
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What determines the properties of each morphologic surface domain in epithelial cells?
Specific lipids and integral membrane proteins.
p.21
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelium?
Stratified epithelium is built from several cell layers, and only cells of the 1st layer are connected to the basement membrane (BM) and are named basal cells.
What aspects of tissue biology does histology involve?
Histology involves all aspects of tissue biology, with a focus on cells (and simplast), tissue and organ structure, and arrangement to optimize functions specific to each organ.
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Epithelium (epithelial tissue), Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nerve tissue.
p.7
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the classifications of epithelial tissue?
Surface epithelium, glandular epithelium, sense epithelium, and myoepithelium (myoepithelial cells).
p.20
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium is built from one layer of cells, all connected to the basement membrane (BM).
p.5
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
It covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.
p.5
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of connective tissue?
It underlies or supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally.
p.8
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What characteristic do epithelial cells always exhibit in relation to each other?
They are always neighboring with one another.
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the three distinct morphologic surface domains of epithelial cells?
Apical domain, lateral domain, and basal domain.
What does nerve tissue do?
It receives, transmits, and integrates information from outside and inside the body to control the activities of the body.
p.15
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Do epithelia have a direct blood and lymphatic supply?
No, epithelia lack a direct blood and lymphatic supply. This is known as avascularity.
At what level do cells and extracellular components of various organs exhibit a recognizable pattern of organization?
At the light microscope level.
p.19
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of columnar epithelial cells?
The height of the cell appreciably exceeds the width.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What role do gap junctions play in epithelial cells?
They are channels for communication between adjacent cells.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which type of epithelium lines the large ducts of exocrine glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
p.45
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells precursors of?
Most mesodermal derived cells.
p.42
Connective Tissue Composition
What effect does cortisol from the adrenal glands have on connective tissue?
Cortisol decreases procollagen synthesis, macrophages, and fibroblasts.
p.22
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium lines the lymphatic capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium).
p.21
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelia classified?
By describing the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the surface cell shape.
p.35
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What are the two types of duct branching in glands?
Simple (ducts not branched) and compound (ducts with two or more branches).
p.19
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of squamous epithelial cells?
The width of the cell is greater than its height.
p.18
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is the characteristic of stratified epithelia?
Stratified epithelia contain two or more cell layers.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the purpose of adherent or anchoring junctions in epithelial cells?
They are sites of strong cell adhesion.
p.11
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are cytokeratins?
Cytokeratins are keratin proteins found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue.
p.11
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the role of cytokeratins in epithelial tissue?
Cytokeratins are an important component of intermediate filaments and help to make intercellular junctions by connecting with the plasmatic membrane.
p.21
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Nonkeratinized, keratinized, and parakeratinized.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.15
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the role of the stria vascularis in the inner ear?
The stria vascularis, composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium, is responsible for the production and maintenance of endolymph in the inner ear ductus cochlearis.
p.45
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are pluripotential cells capable of?
Differentiating either into the usual cell types or into other cell types such as smooth muscle cells.
What is the origin of the term 'epithelium'?
It comes from the Greek words 'epi' (upon) and 'thele' (tissue).
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the function of tight or occluding junctions in epithelial cells?
They form a seal between adjacent cells.
p.8
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How do epithelial cells form sheets?
By being held together by specialized junctional complexes and cell adhesion molecules.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
In sweat gland ducts, large ducts of exocrine glands, and the anorectal junction.
p.24
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which parts of the digestive system contain simple columnar epithelium?
Small intestine, colon, stomach lining, and gastric glands.
p.36
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the typical location of simple tubular glands?
Large intestine: intestinal glands of the colon.
p.39
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are myoepithelial cells?
Epithelial cells that acquire the characteristics of smooth muscle cells.
p.37
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What type of gland is the lacrimal gland?
Compound tubuloacinar gland
p.36
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the typical location of simple branched tubular glands?
Stomach: mucus-secreting glands of the pylorus.
p.33
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the main characteristic of endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands lack a duct system and secrete their products into the connective tissue, from which they enter the bloodstream to reach their target cells.
p.51
Connective Tissue Composition
What are collagen fibers composed of?
Fiber-forming collagen proteins, which consist of three polypeptide chains (α chains) that form protofibrils (triple helix) and then fibers (fibril).
p.18
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How is the classification of epithelium described?
The classification of epithelium is descriptive and morphological.
p.19
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of cuboidal epithelial cells?
The width, depth, and height are approximately the same.
What are tissues?
Tissues are aggregates or groups of cells and extracellular matrix organized to perform one or more specific functions.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in sweat gland ducts?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
p.30
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can transitional epithelium be found in the body?
Renal calyces, ureters, bladder, and urethra
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What types of stratified squamous epithelium can be found in the oral cavity?
Keratinized, parakeratinized, and non-keratinized.
p.35
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
How are multicellular glands structurally organized?
According to the arrangement of the secretory cells (parenchyma) and the presence or absence of branching of the duct elements.
p.39
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the primary function of myoepithelial cells?
To acquire the characteristics of smooth muscle cells.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
Which type of epithelial tissue is involved in absorption and reabsorption?
Columnar epithelium of the intestines and proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney.
p.20
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of simple epithelium?
1. Simple squamous
2. Simple cuboidal
3. Simple columnar
4. Pseudostratified epithelium
p.20
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelia classified?
By describing the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the surface cell shape.
p.8
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the two possible arrangements of epithelial cells?
In a single layer or in multiple layers.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is present at the anorectal junction?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
p.37
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What type of gland is the submandibular salivary gland?
Compound tubuloacinar gland
p.21
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the different types of stratified epithelium?
Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.
p.26
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
p.11
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which cytokeratins are expressed in stratified epithelium?
CK 4, CK 14, CK 5, and CK 13.
p.43
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the exception to the mesoderm giving rise to connective tissues?
In the head region, specific progenitor cells are derived from ectoderm by way of neural crest cells.
p.36
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Where are simple acinar glands typically located?
Urethra: paraurethral and periurethral glands.
p.35
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What are the two types of secretory portions in glands?
Tubular (either short or long and coiled) and acinar (rounded and saclike).
p.42
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the effect of thyroxine from the thyroid gland on connective tissue?
Thyroxine increases GAG accumulation, leading to myxedema.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the vagina?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.54
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What can specifically inhibit MMP activity?
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
How does connective tissue contribute to the body's structure?
By connecting and anchoring parts.
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found in the body?
In small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary (germinal epithelium), kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, and respiratory bronchiole epithelium (ciliated).
p.38
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the function of olfactory neuroepithelium?
It is involved in the sense of smell.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the two main components of the basal lamina?
Lamina lucida and lamina densa.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
What type of family of tissues does connective tissue belong to?
A diverse family of tissues.
p.55
Connective Tissue Composition
What staining techniques are used to identify reticular fibers?
PAS reaction and silver staining.
p.58
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the role of collagen fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers provide strength and structural support.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
It is made up of contractile cells and is responsible for movement.
p.36
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Where are simple coiled tubular glands typically found?
Skin: eccrine sweat gland.
p.39
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
In which locations can myoepithelial cells be found?
Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, and the iris of the eye.
p.42
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the role of ACTH from the hypophysis in connective tissue regulation?
ACTH decreases procollagen synthesis, wound healing, and immune reactions.
p.22
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in body cavities?
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What protective functions does epithelial tissue provide?
Protection from UVA, physical force, chemical harm, and antigens.
p.22
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is simple squamous epithelium found in the eye?
In the corneal endothelium.
p.38
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What are the two types of neuroepithelium mentioned?
Gustative and olfactory neuroepithelium, and retina.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role does connective tissue play in nutrient exchange?
It acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between other tissues.
p.59
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the main types of cells in loose connective tissue whose development is not connected with blood cells?
Fibroblasts, Adipose cells, Reticular cells
p.58
Types of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is shown in the image?
Fibrous connective tissue.
p.55
Connective Tissue Composition
Do reticular fibers form thick bundles of fibers?
No, they do not form thick bundles of fibers.
p.54
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do MMPs affect organ development?
MMPs play a role in organ development.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What proteins are found in the lamina lucida?
Integrins, Laminins, Collagen IV, Collagen XVII.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which epithelial cells synthesize and secrete MMPs?
Keratinocytes in the epidermis.
p.58
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the role of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
Elastic fibers provide elasticity, allowing the tissue to stretch and return to its original shape.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What do collagenases (a type of MMP) degrade?
Type I, II, III, and X collagens.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the characteristic of oxytalan fibers?
They are not elastic, practically do not contain elastin, and consist of fibrillin.
p.11
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How are cytokeratins used clinically?
The expression of cytokeratins within epithelial cells is largely specific to particular organs or tissues, and they are used clinically to identify the cell of origin of various human tumors.
p.15
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How are nutrients delivered to epithelial tissues?
Nutrients are delivered by diffusion from subepithelial connective tissue blood vessels.
p.33
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
How do exocrine glands secrete their products?
Exocrine glands secrete their products onto a surface directly or through epithelial ducts or tubes that are connected to a surface.
p.42
Connective Tissue Composition
How does vitamin C affect collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C increases collagen synthesis, and its deficiency leads to scurvy.
p.36
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the typical location of branched acinar glands?
Stomach: mucus-secreting glands of cardia.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
How does epithelial tissue contribute to transportation?
By transporting materials or cells along the surface of an epithelium by motile cilia or across an epithelium to and from the connective tissue.
p.51
Connective Tissue Composition
Do collagen fibers branch?
No, collagen fibers do not branch.
p.32
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the main function of glandular epithelial cells?
To produce and secrete various macromolecules.
p.59
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells in loose connective tissue have development connected with blood cells?
Mast cells, Macrophages, Plasma cells
p.44
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What type of cells does mesenchymal tissue contain?
Small, spindle-shaped cells and amoeboid cells of relatively uniform appearance.
p.34
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What does the secretory component of unicellular glands consist of?
Single cells distributed among other nonsecretory cells.
p.44
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the shape of mesenchymal cells?
Spindle-shaped and amoeboid.
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the interlobular ducts of salivary glands?
Pseudostratified non-ciliated epithelium.
p.34
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the function of goblet cells?
They are mucus-secreting cells.
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What is the difference between irregular and regular dense connective tissue?
Irregular dense connective tissue has fibers arranged in bundles oriented in various directions (found in skin), while regular dense connective tissue has fibers arranged parallelly (main component of tendons and ligaments).
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium lines the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the subtypes of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue (irregular and regular), reticular tissue, and adipose tissue.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which connective tissue cells synthesize and secrete MMPs?
Fibroblasts, chondrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages.
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the types of specialized connective tissue?
Cartilage, bone, and blood.
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchiole epithelium?
Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.57
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the main components of elaunin fibres?
GP fibrillin and elastin.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What are the main components of the amorphous ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Proteoglycans (PG), and Multiadhesive glycoproteins (GP).
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What components are found in the reticular lamina?
Collagen I, III (reticular) fibers, Anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen, Proteoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans.
p.67
Types of Connective Tissue
How are the collagen bundles arranged in dense regular connective tissue?
Tightly packed coarse collagen bundles arranged in parallel fashion.
p.45
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the role of adventitial cells in adult connective tissue?
They remain undifferentiated and constitute a reserve population of stem cells.
p.37
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What type of gland is the mammary gland?
Compound tubuloacinar gland
p.45
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Where are perivascular cells often located?
Along the walls of blood vessels.
p.30
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of the surface cells in transitional epithelium?
Large and rounded (umbrella or dome cells)
p.15
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What type of epithelium makes up the stria vascularis?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
p.33
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
How do paracrine glands function?
Paracrine glands secrete a substance that does not reach the bloodstream but rather affects other cells within the same epithelium or in connective tissue.
p.29
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium in the largest ducts of exocrine glands?
It provides protection and secretion.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found at the anorectal junction?
Stratified columnar epithelium.
p.54
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are some biological functions of MMPs?
Regulation of cytokines, enzymes, receptors; development, apoptosis, differentiation of cells; cellular migration; organ development; tissue regeneration (wound healing, inflammation).
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the two main categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
Where can the receptor function of neuroepithelium be found?
In the taste buds of the tongue, olfactory epithelium of the nasal mucosa, and the retina of the eye.
p.32
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What are the three types of macromolecules that secretory cells may synthesize, store, and release?
Proteins, lipids, and complexes of carbohydrates and proteins.
p.59
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the main types of cells in loose connective tissue whose development is connected with blood cells?
Mast cells, Macrophages, Plasma cells
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the small ducts of exocrine glands?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.55
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells produce reticular fibers?
Reticular cells, fibroblasts, Schwann cells, and smooth muscle cells.
p.58
Connective Tissue Composition
What type of fibers are labeled in the image?
Elastic fibers and collagen fibers.
p.34
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Where can unicellular glands be found?
In the intestines and respiratory tract.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
How are fibrillin microfibrils arranged in elastic fibers?
They are embedded in a larger mass of cross-linked elastin.
p.44
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Describe the nuclei of mesenchymal cells.
Mesenchymal cells have large cell nuclei with prominent nucleolus and fine chromatin.
p.65
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Where is the nucleus situated in mast cells?
Centrally situated and frequently obscured by the cytoplasmic granules.
p.67
Types of Connective Tissue
How are the collagen bundles arranged in dense irregular connective tissue?
Tightly packed coarse collagen bundles arranged randomly in all directions, with few elastic fibers.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How is the reticular lamina described in terms of its structure?
It has a more diffuse meshwork.
p.63
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What microenvironment do reticular cells provide?
They provide a microenvironment for blood cells.
p.57
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the main components of proper elastic fibres?
GP fibrillin and elastin.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What role do multiadhesive glycoproteins (GP) play in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
They stabilize the ECM and link it to the cell surface.
p.15
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What does the stria vascularis enclose?
The stria vascularis encloses a complex capillary network.
p.22
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory spaces in the lung?
Simple squamous epithelium (alveoli).
p.59
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells in loose connective tissue have development not connected with blood cells?
Fibroblasts, Adipose cells, Reticular cells
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium found in the respiratory system?
In the trachea and bronchial tree.
p.46
Connective Tissue Composition
What are the main components of connective tissue?
Cells, amorphous ground substance, and fibers.
p.55
Connective Tissue Composition
What kind of network do reticular fibers form?
A loose mesh-like network of fibers.
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which type of epithelium lines the efferent ductules of the epididymis?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
p.54
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What roles do MMPs play in cellular processes?
MMPs are involved in development, apoptosis, differentiation of cells, and cellular migration.
p.34
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What type of epithelium contains goblet cells?
Pseudostratified ciliated (respiratory) epithelium.
p.38
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the role of the retina in the neuroepithelium?
The retina is involved in the sense of vision.
p.25
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Why does pseudostratified epithelium appear stratified?
Because some of the cells do not reach the free surface, but all rest on the basement membrane.
p.58
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the function of fibroblasts in fibrous connective tissue?
Fibroblasts produce and maintain the extracellular matrix, including fibers.
p.67
Types of Connective Tissue
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
In the dermis of skin, capsule of organs, sheaths around nerves, and dura mater.
p.63
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What type of cells form the structural meshwork within the thymus?
Epithelioreticular cells.
p.63
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular cells in hematopoietic organs?
They make the stroma for hematopoietic organs.
p.61
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are adipocytes?
Fully differentiated cells incapable of mitotic division.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What do stromelysins (a type of MMP) degrade?
Proteoglycans, fibronectin, and denatured collagens.
p.57
Types of Connective Tissue
Where can proper elastic fibres be found?
In the elastic membrane in the aorta.
p.40
Connective Tissue Composition
What bounds the connective tissue compartment in the body?
The basement membrane of various epithelia and the basal or external laminae of muscle cells and nerve-supporting cells.
p.63
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do reticular cells interact with reticular fibers?
Reticular cells' cell body and processes completely surround reticular fibers.
p.60
Functions of Connective Tissue
What growth factors do fibroblasts synthesize and secrete?
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete growth factors such as FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors).
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the appearance of microvilli under an electron microscope (EM) and light microscope (LM)?
Fingerlike processes that protrude from the cell's apical surface (EM) and appear as a brush border (LM).
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What substances do macrophages excrete?
More than 30 monokines, including cytokines, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
What is the URL for the online resource mentioned?
http://www.doctorc.net/Labs/Lab25/lab25.htm.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the corneal anterior epithelium?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.43
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the role of neural crest cells in connective tissue development?
They give rise to specific progenitor cells in the head region, known as ectomesenchyme.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
Which types of epithelial tissue are involved in protection?
Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (epidermis) and transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder.
p.32
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Where can glandular epithelial cells occur?
In epithelia with other major functions or in specialized organs called glands.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What is the receptor function of neuroepithelium?
To receive and transduce external stimuli.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium lines the male urethra?
Stratified columnar epithelium.
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
Abundance of ground substance and sparse fibers; surrounds blood vessels and is localized beneath epithelium.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Functions
What is the contractile function of myoepithelial cells?
To contract in secretory portions and along ducts in salivary glands and mammary glands.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is one of the storage functions of connective tissue?
It stores fat for cushioning and thermoregulation.
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which type of epithelium covers the surface of the ovary?
Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium).
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What proteins and molecules are found in the lamina densa?
Fibronectin, Collagen IV, Entactin/Nidogen, Perlecan, Heparin Sulfate-Proteoglycans.
p.23
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Which type of epithelium is found in the thyroid follicles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.67
Types of Connective Tissue
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
In tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis.
p.69
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the function of the endotendineum in tendons?
It surrounds and supports the tendon fibers.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
What are the three types of elastic fibers?
Oxytalan, elaunin, and elastic mature fibers.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What are some examples of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in the amorphous ground substance?
Hyaluronic acid (non-sulfated), dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate (sulfated).
p.61
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the appearance of adipocytes?
They have a signet-ring appearance with cytoplasm as a narrow rim around a single large lipid droplet and the nucleus pushed to one side of the cell membrane.
p.60
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are inactive fibroblasts called and how do they appear?
Inactive fibroblasts are called fibrocytes. They are smaller with darker elongate nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm.
p.60
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of TGFβ (transformative growing factor beta) in connective tissue?
TGFβ regulates the development of connective tissues, regeneration, and homeostasis.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Where do macrophages originate and how do they become macrophages?
They originate in bone marrow, circulate as monocytes, and become macrophages when they migrate into tissues.
What is the title of the book authored by Finn Genesar?
Textbook of Histology, 1st Edition.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
Where is Type VII collagen found and what is its form?
Found beneath epithelia (anchoring fibrils); network form.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What is Endostatin and from which collagens is it derived?
Endostatin is a C-terminal cleavage product of collagens XV and XVIII.
p.51
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the structural sequence of collagen fibers?
Three polypeptide chains (α chains) form protofibrils (triple helix), which then form fibers (fibril).
p.35
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Can secretory units be branched even if the duct is not branched?
Yes, either type of secretory unit may be branched even if the duct is not branched.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the major function of connective tissue?
To provide form and support to the body and organs.
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in the ductus deferens?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with stereocilia.
p.54
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do MMPs contribute to tissue regeneration?
MMPs are involved in wound healing and inflammation.
p.46
Connective Tissue Composition
What constitutes the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
Amorphous ground substance and fibers.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
How does connective tissue contribute to the body's defense?
It works in defense and protection.
p.49
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of dense connective tissue?
Contains mostly fibers, cells are sparse, and there is a small amount of ground substance.
p.32
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
Which glands' secretory cells release lipids?
Adrenal and sebaceous glands.
p.25
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Is pseudostratified epithelium considered simple or stratified?
It is considered a simple epithelium.
p.62
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of adipose tissue shown in the image?
Brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue.
p.66
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the characteristic appearance of the chromatin materials in plasma cells?
They exhibit a characteristic 'cart-wheel' appearance.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the structural composition of cilia?
Cilia consist of microtubules that comprise the axoneme.
p.67
Types of Connective Tissue
How are fibroblasts arranged in dense regular connective tissue?
Fibroblasts are arranged between the collagen fibers and appear elongated.
p.60
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do fibroblasts appear in profile?
Large, flat branching cells which appear fusiform or spindle shaped.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Where can cilia be found in the body?
In the respiratory epithelium, ductus deferens, hair cells in the inner ear, and oviduct.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
Why are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) highly negatively charged?
Because of the sulfate groups.
p.61
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of brown adipose cells?
They are concerned with heat production, particularly important in newborns and young animals.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Type V collagen and where is it found?
It polymerizes with Type I fibril to regulate properties; found in the same tissues as Type I collagen.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What is the form and tissue location of Type IX collagen?
Fibril-associated; found in cartilage (lateral association with Type II).
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found in the body?
In the largest ducts of exocrine glands, anorectal junction, conjunctiva, and male urethra.
p.33
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What are the three types of secretion methods in exocrine glands?
Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine.
p.50
Connective Tissue Composition
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, and Elastic fibers.
p.38
Glandular Epithelium and Secretion Types
What is the function of gustative neuroepithelium?
It is involved in the sense of taste.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the basement membrane?
A noncellular, protein-polysaccharide-rich layer to which the basal surface of epithelial cells is attached.
p.31
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What does the change in the number of cell layers in transitional epithelium reflect?
The ability of the cells to accommodate to distension.
p.44
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do mesenchymal cells form a three-dimensional cellular network?
Cell processes extend from these cells and contact similar processes of neighboring cells.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
What proteins compose elastic fibers?
Elastin and fibrillin proteins.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?
Enzymes synthesized and secreted into the ECM by various connective tissue cells, some epithelial cells, and cancer cells.
p.48
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the three main classifications of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
How do elastic fibers compare in thickness to collagen fibers?
Elastic fibers are thinner than collagen fibers.
p.63
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Where are reticular cells and the reticular fibers they produce found?
In lymph nodules, lymph nodes, and the spleen.
p.48
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar, adipose, and reticular.
p.65
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What substances do the cytoplasmic granules of mast cells contain?
Histamine, growth and inflammatory factors, heparin, and other enzymes and proteins.
p.48
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
Regular, irregular, and elastic.
p.69
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the significance of blood vessels in tendons?
They provide nutrients and remove waste products from tendon cells.
p.66
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the principal function of plasma cells?
They are the principal producers of antibodies.
p.53
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What do gelatinases (a type of MMP) degrade?
Most types of denatured collagens, laminin, fibronectin, and elastin.
p.48
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic.
p.60
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Describe the morphological characteristics of active fibroblasts.
Fusiform cell with many cytoplasmic processes, light cytoplasm, large ovoid euchromatic nucleus, and prominent nucleolus.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the two types of macrophages?
Fixed or resting and free, migrating.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?
They present antigens to plasma cells for antibody production.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What is the form and tissue location of Type III collagen?
Fibril, small banded fiber; found in internal organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, liver, blood vessels, and skin.
p.48
Types of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
What is a key physical property of elastic fibers?
They are deformable (can stretch and recoil).
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the functions of cilia in epithelial cells?
Transport of fluid or mucus over the surface of the epithelium.
p.40
Connective Tissue Composition
What are the two main components of connective tissue?
Cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.62
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is a key visual difference between brown and white adipose tissue in histological images?
Brown adipose tissue appears denser and more granular, while white adipose tissue appears more uniform and less dense.
p.66
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the appearance of the cytoplasm in plasma cells?
The cytoplasm is basophilic.
p.40
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of connective tissue in the body?
It forms a vast and continuous compartment throughout the body.
p.65
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What role does histamine play in mast cells?
It is involved in allergic response to foreign proteins.
p.66
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Describe the shape and nuclear location of plasma cells.
Plasma cells are spherical with rounded nuclei located eccentrically.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the function of proteoglycan aggregates in the extracellular environment?
They inhibit the movement of migrating macromolecules, microorganisms, or metastatic cancer cells.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the morphological characteristics of macrophages?
Large irregularly-shaped cells, often visible as bean-shaped nucleus, numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, lysosomes, and phagosomes.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
Where is Type II collagen primarily found?
In cartilage (hyaline and elastic).
p.52
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells synthesize Type III collagen?
Fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, and hepatocytes.
p.40
Connective Tissue Composition
What does the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue include?
Structural fibers and specialized proteins that constitute the ground substance.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What are some examples of multiadhesive glycoproteins (GP)?
Fibronectin, laminin, and tenascin.
p.60
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role do fibroblasts play in wound healing?
In wound healing, fibroblasts can become myofibroblasts whose contraction helps wound closure after injury.
p.61
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the difference between unilocular and multilocular cells?
Unilocular cells have a single large lipid droplet, while multilocular cells have multiple lipid droplets and are rich in mitochondria.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What type of collagen is the most abundant in the body and where is it found?
Type I collagen, found in bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea, and internal organs.
What is the title of the book authored by Barbara Young?
Wheater's Functional Histology, Sixth Edition.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
What is the form and tissue location of Type IV collagen?
Network, sheetlike; found in the basal lamina (lamina densa).
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue
Where is Type X collagen found and what is its form?
Found in forming bone (hypertrophic zone of growth plate); network form.
p.65
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What effects does the release of granules from mast cells have on the body?
Increases permeability of small blood vessels and constriction of bronchioles.
p.56
Connective Tissue Composition
What is the role of elaunin fibers?
They start the deposition of elastin.
p.61
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the two types of adipocytes?
Yellow or white adipocytes and brown adipose cells.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
Increase surface area for absorption in intestinal epithelium and reabsorption in renal proximal tubules.
p.47
Connective Tissue Composition
What effect does the negative charge of GAGs have on their physical properties?
It attracts water, forming a hydrated gel.
Which book is authored by Abraham L. Kierszenbaum?
Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology, Third Edition.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of macrophages?
Phagocytose and destroy dead cells and other foreign material.
p.64
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What are the specialized names for macrophages in different tissues?
In skin - Langerhans cells, in liver - Kupffer cells, in lungs - dust cells, in bones - osteoclasts, in brain - microglia.
p.52
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells synthesize Type IV collagen?
Epithelial cells, muscle cells, and Schwann cells.
p.66
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
What is a prominent feature of the Golgi apparatus in plasma cells?
It has a prominent negative Golgi apparatus zone.
p.61
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Where are yellow or white adipocytes found?
In most of the bulk of the human body.
What is the title of the book authored by Michael H. Ross and Wojciech Pawlina?
Histology: A Text and Atlas, with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition.
p.61
Functions of Connective Tissue
How does adipose tissue grow?
By two mechanisms: hyperplasia (increase in cell number) and hypertrophy (increase in cell size).
p.52
Cell Types in Connective Tissue
Which cells synthesize Type I collagen?
Fibroblasts and osteoblasts.
Which book is authored by Robert B. Tallitsch?
Histology: An Identification Manual.
