p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following are extrinsic causes of sinus bradycardia?
a) hypothyroidism, b) intracranial hypertension, e) digoxin.
Which statement about type 2 diabetes is TRUE?
d) Type 2 diabetes can be diagnosed directly in the stage of chronic complications (e.g., diabetic retinopathy).
What fasting plasma glucose value indicates diabetes?
A single fasting plasma glucose value is ≥ 126 mg/dl, in the absence of symptoms of hyperglycemia.
p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following drugs are oral direct factor Xa inhibitors?
d) rivaroxaban, e) apixaban.
Which of the following is a chronic diabetic macrovascular complication?
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease).
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are the severe features of preeclampsia?
a) SBP >160 mmHg or DBP >110 mmHg, b) platelets < 200,000 /mmc, c) increased creatinine.
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
When do most pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting?
In the first trimester of pregnancy.
What diseases of the exocrine pancreas can lead to secondary diabetes?
Pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, neoplasm, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis.
Is insulin secreted continuously in subjects without diabetes?
Yes, insulin is secreted 24 hours a day (basal and prandial insulin secretion).
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a key characteristic of congenital rubella syndrome?
Includes cardiovascular abnormalities, CNS abnormalities, and deafness.
p.16
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a true statement about fondaparinux?
It is excreted by the kidneys and cannot be used in patients with severe renal failure.
p.16
Venous Thromboembolism
Which statement about vitamin K antagonists is wrong?
Prothrombin time is a more sensitive parameter than INR.
p.13
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What characterizes third-degree atrioventricular block?
b) the QRS complexes of the ventricular escape rhythm are always wide.
What role do antibiotics play in liver disease?
They block bacterial translocation.
p.18
Venous Thromboembolism
What is the therapy of choice for anticoagulation in pregnancy?
Low molecular weight heparin.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which substances are frequently involved in increasing blood pressure?
Alcohol, NSAIDs, calcineurin inhibitors, and oral contraceptive pills.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What is a true statement regarding renal artery stenosis?
Patients may have a history of acute pulmonary edema with normal cardiac function.
What impact does reducing salt intake to <6 g/day have on BP values?
It can reduce BP by approximately 5 mm Hg.
p.4
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is the dosing adjustment for Terlipressin after 48 hours of administration?
Reduced to 1 mg every 4 hours.
p.13
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following is the wrong answer regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
e) adrenaline (epinephrine) 10 mg should be administered if the patient presents asystole.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Does metformin stimulate insulin secretion?
No, metformin does not stimulate insulin secretion.
p.13
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following are part of 'the four Hs' (reversible causes of cardiac arrest)?
a) hyperkalemia, b) hypovolemia, d) hypothermia, e) hypoxia.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a significant risk factor for breast cancer related to family history?
Having a first-degree relative with breast cancer.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a common treatment for Precocious Puberty?
Antagonists of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone).
What is the correct diagnosis for a 53-year-old male with HbA1c = 5.3% and 2-hour plasma glucose = 148 mg/dl?
b) Impaired glucose tolerance.
p.16
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a true statement regarding therapy in pulmonary embolism?
Administration of edoxaban and dabigatran is preceded by anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin for 5 days.
p.16
Venous Thromboembolism
Which statement about warfarin is wrong?
It does not pass into breast milk.
p.13
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which statement is correct regarding atrial fibrillation?
a) it is a common arrhythmia.
What is a key pathophysiological mechanism in the progression of liver disease?
The intestinal-liver axis.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What can cause hypoglycemia in patients on insulin therapy?
Physical exercise without additional carbohydrate intake or decreasing insulin dose.
p.5
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What does a cervical length > 15 mm indicate?
It is associated with a very low risk of preterm birth.
p.9
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is the correct chronological order of events of normal female puberty?
c) adrenarche (adrenal androgen production), gonadarche (activation of gonads by FSH and LH), thelarche (appearance of breast tissue), pubarche (appearance of pubic hair), growth spurt, menarche (onset of menses).
p.15
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What surgical procedure can be performed for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Surgical septal myectomy.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What is a common misconception about metformin?
Metformin has a high risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain.
What characterizes type 1 diabetes?
The insulin secretion deficit is absolute, determined by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoimmune mechanisms.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What is a true statement about orthostatic hypotension?
It refers to a sustained decrease in BP of more than 20 mmHg for systolic BP, 3 minutes after switching to orthostatism.
p.18
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a key characteristic of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS) regarding their use?
They require a 5-day overlap with fractionated heparin.
p.2
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is one limitation of one-dimensional transient elastography (FibroScan) in liver cirrhosis?
It is achievable in only a small proportion of patients.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What hormone induces ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
p.3
Liver Transplantation Indications
What is an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation?
Identification of extrahepatic malignancies.
What should patients be informed about prior to any procedure or therapy?
Indications for treatment, alternative treatments and their risks, potential risks and benefits of the proposed treatment, and benefits of refusing treatment.
p.5
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is Naegele’s rule used for?
To estimate delivery date by taking the last menstrual period (LMP), adding 7 days, subtracting 3 months, and adding 1 year.
p.5
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a characteristic of HELLP syndrome?
It is a form of preeclampsia.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are the two types of Precocious Puberty?
Isosexual and heterosexual.
p.3
Liver Transplantation Indications
What is an indication for liver transplantation related to acute liver failure?
Acute liver failure of any cause.
p.3
Liver Transplantation Indications
Which condition is NOT an indication for liver transplantation?
Primitive biliary cholangitis when serum bilirubin is constantly increased <20 μmol / L.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What is a characteristic finding in primary hyperaldosteronism?
Increased K+ levels and low aldosterone: renin ratio.
p.3
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is the initial treatment for acute variceal bleeding?
Restoring blood volume with plasma expanders or blood transfusions.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is considered abnormal regarding menstrual intervals?
Menses within < 24-day interval are considered abnormal.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
Do DOACs increase the risk of bleeding compared to low molecular weight heparin?
No, they do not increase the risk of bleeding.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
What is the recommended duration of anticoagulation for cancer patients?
At least 6 months or until the cancer is in remission.
What is true about masked hypertension?
BP measured at the office is increased, while BP measured outside the office is normal.
What information are patients NOT entitled to be informed about?
The doctor's health condition.
p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What defines sustained ventricular tachycardia?
a) lasts more than 30 seconds, b) AV dissociation, c) wide QRS complexes.
p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following are antiplatelets used for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes?
a) ticagrelor, b) clopidogrel, d) heparin, e) fondaparinux.
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What causes maternal nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
Most likely increases in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and may be related to an imbalance of progesterone and estrogen.
How does insulin affect hepatic glucose production?
Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis).
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What can lead to hypoglycemia related to insulin dosing?
Administration of higher doses of insulin than needed.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a risk factor for breast cancer related to hormone exposure?
Increased estrogen exposure.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
How does the risk of bleeding from thrombolysis compare to unfractionated heparin?
The risk of bleeding is similar.
What can indicate early stages of kidney disease in hypertension?
Increased microalbuminuria or urine albumin: creatinine ratio.
p.28
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
What is the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on insulin and glucagon secretion?
They increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion.
p.9
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a characteristic symptom of primary syphilis?
c) solitary chancre forms near area of contact.
Which statement regarding recommended glycemic targets in adult patients with diabetes is FALSE?
b) The HbA1c target is <6.5% in all patients with diabetes, regardless of the clinical and biological characteristics.
p.18
Venous Thromboembolism
What is the recommended diagnostic approach for a patient with pulmonary embolism presenting with shock or hypotension?
Pulmonary angiography by CT.
Which endocrine diseases can induce secondary diabetes?
Acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, glucagonoma, pheochromocytoma.
Can type 1 diabetes be diagnosed during chronic complications?
Yes, it can be diagnosed directly in the stage of chronic complications (e.g., diabetic retinopathy).
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What characterizes inflammatory carcinoma?
It is a subtype of ductal carcinoma characterized by rapid progression and angioinvasive behavior.
What is a key effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors?
They increase urinary excretion of glucose and sodium.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What are strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism related to childbirth?
Birth and the postpartum period.
What is the study power?
The ability of a study to detect an actual difference between two groups.
p.5
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is the most accurate method of determining gestational age in the second trimester?
Ultrasound (US) measurement of crown–rump length.
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is the clinical challenge of diagnosing Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) in pregnant patients?
Diagnosis may be more difficult due to edema.
What is the primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?
Correction of fluids and electrolytes deficit with 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What happens if insulin flow is interrupted in patients using an insulin pump?
It can cause hypoglycemia due to lack of basal insulin storage.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
How can high alcohol intake affect blood sugar levels?
High alcohol intake can lead to hypoglycemia.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
A condition where there are malignant cells in the ducts.
How can pregnancy affect diabetic retinopathy?
It may induce a short-term progression of retinopathy lesions.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?
Gonadal dysgenesis, pregnancy, Asherman syndrome, anatomical abnormalities, Anorexia nervosa.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
Do direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have similar efficiency to low molecular weight heparin?
Yes, they have similar efficiency.
p.2
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What medications should be avoided in liver cirrhosis?
Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
What characterizes acute hepatic failure on chronic liver disease?
High short-term mortality.
What mechanism compromises intestinal barrier function in advanced liver disease?
Activation of stellate cells.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
Why are vasodilators contraindicated in acute coronary syndromes?
They can worsen the condition.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Is vancomycin contraindicated in Toxic Shock Syndrome?
Yes, vancomycin is contraindicated.
What is true about urinary copper in Wilson's disease?
Urinary copper is elevated.
p.15
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Are vasodilators part of the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
No, they are not typically used.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What are the primary actions of metformin?
It decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
What are the genetic defects that can induce specific types of diabetes?
MODY syndromes (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).
What is the typical onset of type 1 diabetes?
The onset is sudden with severe signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia.
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are the possible effects of Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy?
Intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR), deafness, hepatosplenomegaly, hydrocephalus.
What is a biological criterion for severe diabetic ketoacidosis?
Arterial/venous pH < 7.00.
p.10
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What role does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and regulates ovarian granulosa cell activity.
p.2
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What does FibroScan correlate with in liver cirrhosis?
The degree of portal hypertension.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which statement about classes of eye damage in hypertension is incorrect?
Severe: signs of moderate retinopathy plus papillary edema.
p.6
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What common screening labs are performed during the initial visit?
Blood antibody and Rh typing, quadruple screen, Pap smear, urinalysis, and hepatitis B surface antigen.
p.6
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What maternal complications are associated with Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus?
Preeclampsia, fetal cardiac defects, maternal renal insufficiency, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
Which clinical manifestations are found in pulmonary embolism?
Pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, syncope.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What characterizes PCOS as a disease?
It is a hypothalamic–pituitary disease characterized by anovulation or oligoovulation.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is useful in the treatment of Toxic Shock Syndrome?
Removing intravaginal objects.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
What can be used for prophylaxis in surgical interventions?
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs).
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What is the treatment of choice for pheochromocytoma?
Surgical resection after adequate beta-blockade.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are some risk factors for spontaneous abortion?
Increased maternal age, multiple prior births, uterine abnormalities.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What creatinine value is a marker of unfavorable prognosis in liver cirrhosis?
Creatinine value > 1.5 mg/dl.
p.4
Liver Cirrhosis Management
In which patients should Terlipressin not be used?
Patients with ischemic heart disease.
p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following drugs can be used to treat heart failure?
b) ivabradine, c) ramipril, d) bisoprolol, e) valsartan.
p.14
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which of the following are minor Duke criteria?
a) fever (over 38°C), b) Osler nodes, c) predisposing cardiac condition, d) Roth spots.
p.13
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What is Valsartan classified as?
e) an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
p.18
Venous Thromboembolism
What adverse effect is associated with warfarin during pregnancy?
Causes embryopathy between the 6th and 12th weeks.
What is the recommended method of insulin administration?
Subcutaneously using syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump.
p.2
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is a key treatment approach for liver cirrhosis?
Treatment of the root cause.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Which HPV types are significant risk factors for cervical cancer?
Persistent infection with HPV type 16 and 18.
p.2
Liver Transplantation Indications
What parameters are predictors of mortality in liver transplant waiting list patients?
Serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, platelet count, alkaline phosphatase, and glycemia.
What is a common feature of acute hepatic failure in chronic liver disease?
The presence of organ failure.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What does an increase in D-dimers indicate?
It is not specific for venous thromboembolism.
What symptoms accompany a significant increase in BP in hypertensive emergencies?
Signs or symptoms of acute damage of the target organs.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
How can infection from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease extend?
It can extend into the abdomen and cause inflammation of the renal capsule.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
What device may be used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis?
Intermittent pneumatic compression devices.
p.1
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What is true about serum alpha1 antitrypsin in alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Serum alpha1 antitrypsin is low.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
What risk do DOACs increase?
The risk of intracranial hemorrhage.
What are the threshold values for the diagnosis of grade 2 hypertension?
Systolic BP at the office = 140-159 mm Hg and Diastolic BP at the office = 90-99 mm Hg.
What does sensitivity measure in a screening test?
The probability that a screening test will be positive in patients with a disease.
What is a correct statement about insulin?
Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Is metformin a first-line pharmacological agent for diabetes?
Yes, it is a first-line agent and can be initiated independently of eGFR.
p.5
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Which is NOT a common cause of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy?
Physiologic bleeding related to implantation.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a correct indication for thrombolysis in venous thromboembolism?
It can be administered to patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
How can thrombolysis be administered?
By catheter infusion directly into the thrombus.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
How does the risk of subsequent invasive cancer in DCIS compare to lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?
The risk is higher in DCIS than in LCIS.
p.28
Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
Which patient can be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes based on the provided information?
The 59-year-old female with obesity, fasting plasma glucose=156 mg/dL, and HbA1c=7.4%.
How can glomerular filtration rate be estimated?
Based on urinary creatinine and demographic criteria.
What may indicate kidney disease in hypertension?
A difference in pulse or BP between the upper and lower limbs.
What alteration affects intestinal motility in advanced liver disease?
Alteration of intestinal motility.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What imaging technique has replaced venography for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Ultrasonographic evaluation.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is seen in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease regarding white blood cell count?
Low WBC (white blood cells) count is seen.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What are the most common causes of secondary hypertension?
Hyperthyroidism, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, and obesity.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What ultrasound feature suggests a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy?
Absence of the gestational sac in utero.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
When should diuretics be temporarily discontinued in liver cirrhosis with ascites?
In cases of increased serum creatinine.
p.7
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is the recommended treatment for DVT in pregnancy?
IV heparin dosed to maintain PTT at two times normal.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
Which condition is more common in patients with orthostatic hypotension?
Conditions associated with autonomic neuropathies.
Is the administration of 10% glucose solutions recommended in diabetic ketoacidosis?
No, it is contraindicated.
p.29
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What dietary factor can contribute to hypoglycemia after short-acting insulin administration?
Low or no carbohydrate intake.
p.6
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What condition occurs in nondiabetic women during pregnancy?
Hyperinsulinemia with mild glucose intolerance.
What is a common place for porto-systemic collaterals to occur?
Gastroesophageal junction.
p.28
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
What is a benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
They determine weight loss.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What vasodilator medications are initially given to patients with acute aortic dissection?
Nitroglycerin or nicardipine.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What can be concluded if D-dimers are below the reference value in a patient with an unlikely pulmonary embolism?
Pulmonary embolism may be excluded.
What is indicated for treating hypertensive emergencies?
Intravenous drug therapy.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What are the signs of acute aortic dissection?
Chest pain and difference in BP between the upper limbs.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
What is unfractionated heparin (UFH) derived from?
A mixture of polysaccharides from porcine intestinal mucosa.
p.1
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What does histological examination reveal in alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Blood cells negative for PAS staining in periportal hepatocytes.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are the most important risk factors for placenta praevia?
Nulliparity, prior cesarean section, prior placenta praevia, unicornuate uterus, history of uterine surgery.
Is diabetic retinopathy classified as a chronic macrovascular complication?
No, it is a microvascular complication.
What are the grading severities of diabetic retinopathy?
Non-proliferative, preproliferative, proliferative retinopathy, advanced retinopathy, and maculopathy.
What are classical symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Polyuria, thirst and polydipsia, weight loss.
How is kidney disease related to hypertension?
It is both a cause and a consequence.
What are some adverse effects of SGLT 2 inhibitors?
Acute pancreatitis, pulmonary edema, genital candidosis, ketoacidosis.
p.28
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Do GLP-1 receptor agonists have a high risk of hypoglycemia?
No, they generally have a low risk of hypoglycemia.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What medications are administered for pre-eclampsia in hypertensive emergencies?
Labetalol and intravenous magnesium.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What is the relationship between increased pulse pressure and vascular injury?
Increased pulse pressure is associated with increased vascular injury.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
In which patients is prophylaxis indicated for venous thromboembolism?
High risk patients hospitalized for medical conditions.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What is useful for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma?
Determination of plasma metanephrines.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What usually causes first-trimester spontaneous abortions?
Fetal chromosomal abnormalities.
p.1
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
What appears on histological examination in alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Diastase-resistant globules in periportal hepatocytes.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What condition indicates hypovolemia in liver cirrhosis?
It requires discontinuation of diuretics.
p.2
Liver Cirrhosis Management
In which patients is FibroScan not used?
In patients with ascites.
p.22
Cardiology and Arrhythmias
What are some target organ injuries induced by high blood pressure?
Retinopathy, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, kidney disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What are some risk factors for venous thromboembolism?
Advanced age, major surgical intervention, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, inflammatory bowel diseases, smoking.
What are useful paraclinical investigations for kidney disease in hypertension?
Renal ultrasound or immunological tests.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a characteristic of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) related to insulin?
Some patients may have hyperinsulinemia and an increased risk of insulin resistance.
Which antihypertensive therapy is recommended for elderly or black patients?
Calcium channel blockers.
p.17
Venous Thromboembolism
What does ultrasonographic evaluation check for in veins?
Whether the vein is compressible and the presence of the thrombus.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What are the clinical presentations of pheochromocytoma?
Palpitations, sweating, hypertensive attacks.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is an option for expectant management in preterm labor at < 34 weeks’ gestation?
Expectant management itself.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
Do DOACs require monitoring of the anticoagulant effect?
No, they do not require monitoring.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
Is thrombolysis appropriate for intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism with right ventricular dysfunction?
Yes, it can be administered in this case.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
Which anticoagulant is more effective for patients with venous thromboembolism and cancer?
Fractionated heparin is more effective than oral vitamin K antagonists.
p.6
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Which ultrasound measurements are used for gestational age assessment in the second trimester?
Fetal abdominal circumference, crown–rump length, biparietal diameter, fetal head circumference, and humerus length.
p.6
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What prenatal assessment is performed for congenital diseases in high-risk pregnancies?
Amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling.
p.28
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Are all GLP-1 receptor agonists administered orally?
No, not all are administered orally.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What symptoms can Lichen planus cause?
Pruritus, bleeding, dyspareunia, painful defecation, and dysuria.
Does a liver biopsy provide diagnostic input in Wilson's disease?
No, it does not provide diagnostic input.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
Can renal biopsy provide additional information in pheochromocytoma?
No, it is not typically useful.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
Is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia symptomatic?
No, it is asymptomatic and does not require discontinuation of treatment.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
How does prothrombin time relate to the severity of liver cirrhosis?
It increases proportionally to the severity of the disease.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
Is thrombolysis administered for deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism?
No, it is not administered in this case.
Do SGLT 2 inhibitors cause weight loss?
Yes, they determine weight loss.
What are contraindications for ACE inhibitors?
Bilateral renal artery stenosis.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What are the clinical signs of acute pulmonary edema?
Bilateral basal crackling rales and jugular vein turgor.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What are the symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy?
Visual disturbances, headache, confusion.
Which statement about Wilson's disease is true regarding neurological symptoms?
Young adults have more frequent neurological symptoms.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
In which conditions may CA-125 be increased?
Benign and malignant ovarian tumors, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyomatosis.
What is the effective treatment for chelating copper in Wilson's disease?
Penicillamine at a dose of 1-1.5 g daily.
p.1
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Do alpha1 antitrypsin levels vary by phenotype?
Yes, they vary by phenotype.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Is treatment with antibiotics recommended at > 34 weeks’ gestation?
No, it is not recommended.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What does a low sodium level indicate in liver disease?
It indicates mild liver disease.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What can ultrasonography detect in liver cirrhosis?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
p.3
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What should be evaluated in a patient with acute variceal bleeding?
Pulse, blood pressure, and state of consciousness.
p.12
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a treatment option for carcinoma with microscopic invasion in cervical cancer?
Conization or total abdominal hysterectomy.
What are the initial therapy options for hypertension?
One or two of ACE inhibitors/sartans, aldosterone antagonists, calcium channel blockers, loop diuretics, or thiazide-like diuretics.
What defines a hypertensive emergency?
Any increase in blood pressure over 180/120 mmHg.
What is the significance of the Keyser-Fleischer ring in Wilson's disease?
It is a specific sign of the disease.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
Can DOACs be given in severe kidney dysfunction?
No, they should be used with caution.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
When should thrombophilia testing be considered?
In persons with unprovoked VTE, especially with a family history.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a condition associated with antiphospholipid syndrome?
Three or more miscarriages before the 10th week of pregnancy.
What immune function is suppressed in the intestine due to advanced liver disease?
The immune functions of the intestine.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
A progressive infection with N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
Does Pelvic Inflammatory Disease produce complications?
No, it produces no complications.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is mandatory in managing a palpable breast mass in women younger than 30?
Reassessment following every menses.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What are the main causes of spontaneous abortions?
Abnormal placenta/abnormal umbilical cord.
p.19
Venous Thromboembolism
What is a sign that antiphospholipid syndrome should be sought?
Venous thromboembolism at a young age.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What treatments are administered intravenously in acute pulmonary edema?
Nitroglycerin and morphine.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a false statement regarding Toxic Shock Syndrome?
It is a severe systemic reaction to group B streptococcus (GBS).
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What supportive care is needed in Toxic Shock Syndrome?
Supportive care for hypertension.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
How does the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension differ from mixed hypertension?
It has a different treatment approach.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What imaging is recommended for palpable breast masses in younger women?
Bilateral breast ultrasound.
How is the dose of penicillamine adjusted in Wilson's disease treatment?
According to the level of urinary copper.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
How do low molecular weight heparins interact with antithrombin?
They interact with antithrombin.
p.20
Venous Thromboembolism
Does protamine sulfate completely inhibit the effect of low molecular weight heparins?
No, it does not completely inhibit their effect.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What are the best indicators of liver function in liver cirrhosis?
Serum albumin and bilirubin.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What can ultrasonography evaluate in liver cirrhosis?
Changes in the size and shape of the liver.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is the risk of developing endometrial cancer in patients with PCOS?
Patients have a lower risk to develop endometrial cancer.
p.11
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What does an ultrasound exam show in patients with PCOS?
Enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What symptoms are associated with pre-eclampsia?
Visual disturbances, edema, newly installed proteinuria.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
What causes isolated systolic hypertension?
Age-related arterial stiffness.
p.24
Hypertensive Emergencies
Is isolated systolic hypertension more common in young people?
No, it is more common in older adults.
p.8
Obstetrics and Pregnancy Complications
What is a major risk factor for ectopic tubal implantation?
Pelvic inflammatory disease.
When is the treatment for Wilson's disease administered until?
Until the disappearance of neurological symptoms.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is a reason to stop diuretics in liver cirrhosis?
The appearance of leg edema.
What is the use of Trientine in Wilson's disease?
It is used for asymptomatic cases.
p.1
Liver Cirrhosis Management
What is another situation to discontinue diuretics in liver cirrhosis?
Worsening of encephalopathy.
