What is excessive hairiness called?
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Hirsutism.
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What is excessive hairiness called?
Hirsutism.
What can cause hirsutism?
An adrenal gland or ovarian tumor.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What pigment do melanocytes synthesize?
Melanin.
What are cleavage lines in the skin?
Collagen fibers oriented in specific directions that indicate where the skin is most resistant to stretch.
What is the hair root?
The part of the hair that is below the skin and enclosed in the hair follicle.
What is the result of increased melanin production due to UV exposure?
Suntan.
What is the purpose of an injection?
To deliver substances, such as medicines, to the body by puncturing the skin.
What is the primary tissue type that makes up the skin?
Dense connective tissue.
How does the thickness of the skin vary?
It varies in thickness.
What is the function of dermal papillae?
They increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis.
What does the hair papilla contain?
A knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair.
What can the subcutaneous tissue be used to estimate?
Total body fat.
What is keratinization?
The process where cells change shape and chemical composition, becoming filled with the protein keratin.
How is total body fat estimated using the skin?
By pinching the skin and subcutaneous tissue at selected locations and measuring the thickness of the fold.
Where does hair formation occur?
In the matrix of the hair bulb at the deep end of the follicle.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
Epidermis and dermis.
What causes split ends in hair?
Wearing away of the cuticle at the tip of the shaft, allowing keratin fibrils to frizz out.
What is the focus of the course taught by Mariella P. Trance?
Anatomy and Physiology.
What is melanin?
A pigment that determines skin color.
What type of cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis?
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells.
What areas of the body darken due to increased melanin during pregnancy?
Nipples, pigmented circular areas around the nipples, and genitalia.
What is the primary function of Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells?
To ingest foreign substances.
Which areas of the body contain less melanin?
Lips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.
What is a callus?
A thickened area of skin produced by friction, resulting in an increase in the number of layers in the stratum corneum.
What type of structure is hair classified as?
Hair is a flexible epithelial structure.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What type of system do the cells in the stratum spinosum contain?
A weblike system of intermediate filaments.
Where is the stratum lucidum located?
Between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.
What determines skin color?
The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
What determines whether hair is straight or curly?
The shape of the hair shaft.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What determines a person's skin color?
The amount and type of melanin.
What is carotene?
An orange-yellow pigment found in some vegetables.
How does the depth of an injection affect substance delivery?
Substances are administered at different depths depending on how quickly they need to enter the blood.
What are fingerprints?
Identifying films of sweat formed by the ridges of the fingertip.
What tissue does the skin rest on?
Subcutaneous tissue.
How does the folding of dermal papillae affect the connection between the epidermis and dermis?
The greater the folding, the stronger the connections made.
What happens to the skin when large amounts of carotene are consumed?
The skin can become quite yellowish.
What are melanocytes?
Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize melanin pigment.
What is the hair follicle?
The structure where each hair rises, surrounded by dermal and epidermal sheaths.
How does the skin contribute to temperature regulation?
By controlling blood flow and sweating.
What is melanin?
A group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
What role does the skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, and temperature.
What does the term 'kalyo' refer to?
It refers to a callus, a thickened area of skin.
What surrounds the hair root?
Dermal and epidermal sheaths.
Where do keratinocytes arise in the epidermis?
In the deepest part of the epidermis, known as the stratum basale.
What is the function of the hair bulb?
It is the site of hair cell formation and the growth zone.
What is the outer layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
Where does carotene accumulate in the body?
In the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
What produces hair pigment?
Melanocytes in the hair bulb.
What are birthmarks?
Congenital disorders of the blood vessels in the dermis.
What is melanin made of?
Tyrosine amino acids.
What are keratin fibrils?
Protein structures in the inner regions of hair.
What causes cyanosis?
A decrease in the blood O2 content.
What type of tissue is the reticular layer made of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue.
How are the epidermis and dermis connected?
They are firmly connected.
What do the cells in the stratum spinosum accumulate?
Lipid-filled vesicles called lamellar bodies.
What protection does melanin provide?
Protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.
What are the major glands of the skin?
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
What is the average thickness of the skin?
2 mm.
What are accessory skin structures?
Structures such as hair, nails, and glands that are associated with the skin.
How long do eyelashes grow before resting?
Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and then rest for 105 days.
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
Only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet.
What role do Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells play in the immune system?
They are key activators of our immune system.
What is the average acceptable body fat percentage for males?
13% to 25%.
What is one of the main functions of the skin?
To bind the body together.
How is an intradermal injection administered?
By drawing the skin taut and inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis.
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
Avascular (does not have any blood vessels).
Is carotene soluble in lipids?
Yes, carotene is lipid-soluble.
How many cell layers thick is the stratum spinosum?
Several cell layers thick.
Which gender typically has a higher total body fat percentage?
Females.
What is one of the primary functions of tissues in the body?
Protection.
What is the subcutaneous tissue primarily composed of?
Adipose tissue.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What protein do cells become filled with during keratinization?
Keratin.
What colors can melanin be?
Yellow, brown, or black pigments.
What is a corn?
A cone-shaped structure formed by the thickening of the stratum corneum.
What is the average surface area occupied by the skin?
Almost 2 m².
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What property of the dermis contributes to its durability?
It is fairly tear resistant.
What do keratinocytes produce?
Keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.
What happens when the skin is overstretched?
Stretch marks occur, leaving visible lines.
What stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production?
Exposure to ultraviolet light.
What can large amounts of melanin form in the skin?
Freckles or moles.
What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the hair shaft?
The part of the hair that projects above the skin's surface.
What hormones influence the development of hairy regions?
Hormones account for the development of hairy regions such as the scalp, pubic, and axillary areas.
Where is thick skin found?
On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What do chemotherapeutic agents affect in the integumentary system?
They interrupt the life cycle of rapidly dividing cancer cells, including hair matrix cells.
What are the extremes of hair color mentioned?
From pale blond to red to pitch black.
What are the main components of hair?
Hair consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What role do melanocytes play in hair?
Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color.
What is the nail root?
The part of the nail covered by skin and embedded in skin.
What shape of hair shaft produces straight hair?
A round shaft.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and acts as a barrier to regulate the movement of substances.
What is the stratum lucidum?
A clear layer formed from dead cells of the deeper strata.
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin and its accessory structures, including hair, nails, and glands.
What gives skin its red coloring?
Hemoglobin from blood cells in dermal capillaries.
What is a dermal papilla?
A finger-like projection or fold found in the superficial portion of the dermis.
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, and several types of glands.
What is the average acceptable body fat percentage for females?
21% to 30%.
What is the function of the hair papilla?
It supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow.
What is one primary function of the skin?
Protection against environmental hazards.
What process hardens the outer layer of the skin to prevent water loss?
Keratinization.
What happens to the cells in the stratum basale during keratinization?
They transform into dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum.
What does a thicker skin fold indicate?
A greater amount of total body fat.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What percentage of the dermis thickness does the reticular layer comprise?
80%.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
The epidermis and dermis.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers and the shape of the cells.
What is the cortex of hair composed of?
Hard keratin.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What is the primary advantage of intramuscular injections?
They deliver material to the blood faster than intradermal or subcutaneous injections.
What are cleavage (tension) lines important for?
They are important to surgeons.
What are the strata or layers of the epidermis?
Different layers that make up the epidermis, including the stratum corneum.
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying tissues.
Where is melanin produced?
By melanocytes.
What do the terms thick skin and thin skin refer to?
The number of epidermal strata.
What type of skin is most common on the body?
Thin skin.
What are dermal papillae?
Structures in the skin that form parallel, curving ridges.
Why do pale-skinned individuals tend to suffer sunburns initially?
Because melanin synthesis takes time to peak after sun exposure.
What characteristic of the skin allows it to be strong and stretchy?
Its dense connective tissue structure.
Where are dermal papillae specifically arranged in the body?
In the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and tips of the digits.
Where are melanocytes located in the epidermis?
In the deepest part of the epidermis, known as the stratum basale.
What is the stratum corneum?
The outermost layer of the epidermis, also known as the horny layer.
What type of cells divide to form hair?
Well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells.
What is the term for the layer beneath the skin that includes subcutaneous tissue?
Hypodermis.
What is a subcutaneous injection?
A method of injecting medication into the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer.
What are terminal hairs?
Thicker, longer hairs found on the head, face, and body.
What phenomenon occurs when the cuticle wears away?
Split ends.
Can you name examples of terminal hairs?
Hair on your head, facial hair, eyelashes, eyebrows, pubic hair, chest hair, and belly hair.
Where is hair found on the human body?
Everywhere on the skin except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes.
What are hairs among in the body?
Hairs are among the fastest growing tissues.
What are the main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
How does the skin help in maintaining body temperature?
Through temperature regulation.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
What is the significance of polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for their function.
What hormone increases melanin production during pregnancy?
Estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
What determines the extent of red coloring in the skin?
The oxygen content of hemoglobin.
What is the stratum corneum?
The outermost layer of the skin, also known as the horny layer.
What contributes to the formation of fingerprints?
Ridges of the fingertip that are well provided with sweat pores.
What does a body fat percentage above the acceptable range indicate?
Obesity.
What determines the variety of hair color?
Varying amounts of different types of melanin.
Can dark-skinned individuals get sunburns?
Yes, but they are more protected than pale-skinned individuals.
What is the fifth layer of thick skin called?
Stratum lucidum.
What do the patterns formed by dermal papillae in the epidermis called?
Friction ridges (fingerprints and footprints).
Where does mitosis occur in the epidermis?
In the deepest layers.
How does the skin assist in vitamin D synthesis?
It converts UV radiation into vitamin D.
What is the function of friction ridges?
To increase friction and enhance the grasping or gripping ability.
What is another name for the subcutaneous layer?
Hypodermis.
What is the primary function of the skin?
To protect the body from external damage and pathogens.
What role do blood vessels in the skin play?
They help maintain body temperature homeostasis.
What color does the skin turn when experiencing cyanosis?
Bluish color.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What shape of hair shaft produces curly hair?
An oval shaft.
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
In areas where diffusion and filtration occur, such as the alveoli of the lungs.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What happens when the arrector pili contract?
The hair stands on end and produces goose bumps.
What happens during the resting stage of hair growth?
Growth stops and hair is held in the hair follicle.
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that produce oil.
How is the cuticle of hair structured?
Formed by a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof.
What type of tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Areolar connective tissue.
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum corneum (horny layer).
What determines the overall thickness of the skin?
The dermis.
Where are Tactile (Merkel) Cells located?
At the epidermal-dermal junction.
What is the primary function of the integument?
To serve as a protective covering.
What is the function of Tactile (Merkel) Cells?
They function as sensory receptors for touch.
In which areas of the body are darkened areas due to melanin commonly found?
Genitalia, nipples, and circular areas around the nipples.
Does the number of melanocytes affect skin color?
No, it is determined by the amount and type of melanin.
What is the role of melanin in the skin?
It contributes to skin color and pigmentation.
How long does it take for melanin synthesis to peak after initial sun exposure?
About 10 days.
Is the subcutaneous tissue considered part of the skin?
No, it is not part of the skin.
What is the stratum spinosum also known as?
The pricky layer.
What is an example of an intradermal injection?
The tuberculin skin test.
What type of cells are most abundant in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes.
What type of cells are formed in the stratum corneum?
Dead squamous cells.
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum).
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
Which layer of the epidermis is known as the 'spiny layer'?
Stratum spinosum.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What does the loss of hair typically indicate?
That the hair is being replaced.
What causes redness (erythema) in the skin?
Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy.
What are flexure lines?
Dermal folds that occur at or near joints.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
What severe consequence can result from too much sun exposure?
Sufficient DNA damage that can lead to skin cancer.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum.
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
What is an intradermal injection?
A method that delivers material to the blood slowly by injecting into the dermis.
What condition is characterized by excessive sloughing of stratum cells from the scalp?
Dandruff.
What is the cuticle in hair?
The outer layer that protects the inner hair regions.
What does the subcutaneous tissue connect the skin to?
Underlying muscle or bone.
What supplies the hair follicle with nutrients?
A rich nerve and blood supply.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale.
What is the largest organ in the body?
The skin.
What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum?
Flattened appearance.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is the skin's role in excretion?
It helps eliminate waste products through sweat.
What vitamin is produced by the skin?
Vitamin D.
What type of border exists between the stratum basale and the dermis?
A wavy borderline that anchors the two together.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What can excessive sun exposure lead to?
Wrinkling and destruction of the cellular structure of the skin.
What is the nail bed?
The area beneath the nail where the stratum basale of the epidermis extends.
What is the outermost layer of hair called?
Cuticle.
Where is epithelial tissue commonly found?
On surfaces such as skin, lining of cavities, and organs.
How much does the skin weigh?
4.5 - 5 kg.
What is the primary function of hair?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
How can hair contribute to social interactions?
Hair may help to attract sexual partners.
What types of sensations do sensory receptors in the integumentary system detect?
Pain, touch, hot, cold, and pressure.
What role does melanin play in skin color?
Melanin provides pigmentation and protects against UV radiation.
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
What causes body odor related to apocrine glands?
The organic secretion is broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for body odor.
What gives hair its color?
Melanin.
What is the significance of epithelial tissue's polarity?
It allows for the differentiation of functions between the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of the tissue.
What are dermal papillae?
Projections in the papillary layer of the dermis.
What causes nails to grow?
Cell production within the nail matrix.
What are bruises also known as?
Hematomas.
What is a blackhead?
A clogged pore where accumulated sebum oxidizes and dries.
What causes pustules to form?
Infection by bacteria.
What percentage of the body is considered critical when it has second-degree burns?
Over 30 percent.
What is one of the functions of the integumentary system related to waste?
Excretion of limited amounts of nitrogen-containing waste (ammonia, urea, and uric acid) in sweat.
What causes the formation of a corn?
Thickening of the stratum corneum over bony prominences.
Which function of tissues is responsible for detecting stimuli?
Sensations.
Where does the stratum basale lie?
Next to the dermis.
What do mammary glands secrete?
Milk.
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
How is a subcutaneous injection performed?
By pinching the skin to form a 'tent' and inserting a short needle.
What does the cortex surround in hair structure?
The medulla.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What angle is used to insert the needle for an intramuscular injection?
90-degree angle to the skin.
How often do cells in the stratum basale undergo mitosis?
Every 19 days.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and squamous.
What is seborrhea?
An overactive sebaceous gland.
What is one of the excretory functions of the skin?
Excretion.
Where can epithelial tissue be found in the body?
In skin, lining of cavities, and organs.
What is the function of the cuticle in hair?
It provides strength and helps keep the inner layers tightly compacted.
What accumulates in the cavity between the epidermis and dermis when they separate?
Interstitial fluid.
What is the shape of the cells in the stratum granulosum?
Flat and diamond-shaped.
What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
How many areas is the body divided into for the Rule of Nines?
11 areas.
What causes acne?
Bacterial infection, specifically by Staphylococcus.
How many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?
Four to six layers thick.
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues.
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
What is the relationship between skin color and UV exposure?
Darker skin provides more protection against UV radiation.
How does hair contribute to thermoregulation?
By trapping air and providing insulation.
What is the medulla in hair structure?
The soft central core of the hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces.
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin (brown/black) and pheomelanin (red/yellow).
What type of melanin is found in darker hair?
A greater concentration of eumelanin.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What are accessory skin structures that secrete substances?
Glands.
What are ceruminous glands?
Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal.
What is the primary function of apocrine glands?
Their precise function is not yet known, but they are scent glands.
What is the composition of the medulla?
Large cells and air spaces.
What does cyanosis indicate in the integumentary system?
A decrease in oxygen level and impaired circulatory and respiratory function.
What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
What skin features are associated with concentrated melanin?
Freckles and moles.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is the role of melanin in skin color?
Melanin is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What are arrector pili?
Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.
How does UV exposure affect skin color?
It stimulates melanin production, leading to tanning.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from the underlying connective tissue.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
The epidermis and the dermis.
When do apocrine glands become active?
At puberty due to the influence of reproductive hormones.
What type of tissue is penetrated during an intramuscular injection?
Muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To determine the extent of burns.
What is cradle cap?
Seborrhea in infants.
What cells produce elastin and collagenous fibers in the dermis?
Fibroblasts.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers and the shape of the cells.
What determines skin color?
Skin color is primarily determined by the amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
How does skin color vary among individuals?
Due to genetic factors, environmental influences, and exposure to sunlight.
What is the role of hair follicles?
To anchor each hair into the skin and provide nutrients.
What is the role of ciliated epithelial tissue?
To move substances across the surface, such as mucus in the respiratory tract.
How does the skin regulate body temperature?
Through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
What supports the hair bulb?
The hair papilla.
What diagnostic method is used to detect lead poisoning?
Measuring levels of lead in hair.
How do nails grow compared to hair?
Nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage.
What do eccrine glands do when body temperature rises?
They produce sweat, which evaporates to cool the body.
What do new cells produce during hair growth?
Keratin.
How do second-degree burns differ from first-degree burns?
Second-degree burns penetrate deeper into the skin layers than first-degree burns, which only affect the epidermis.
What is the regenerative capacity of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue has a high regenerative capacity, allowing it to heal quickly.
What layers of the skin are destroyed in a third-degree burn?
Epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues.
What is the resting stage in hair growth?
A phase after which hair falls out and is replaced.
What type of burns are referred to as full-thickness burns?
Third-degree burns.
What is the significance of the polarity of epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to perform specialized functions, with distinct apical and basal surfaces.
What is the layer of the epidermis that contains granules?
Stratum granulosum.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What structures are contained within the dermis?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What is the cuticle in hair structure?
The outer layer of the cortex that is heavily keratinized.
What can cause the epidermis and dermis to separate?
A burn or friction.
What role does the nail bed play?
It contributes to nail formation.
What happens to daughter cells produced in the stratum basale?
They are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers over 40 - 56 days.
What is the primary focus of the study by Mariella P. Trance?
Aging on the integumentary system.
What is acne?
An active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples.
What is vellus hair?
Short, fine, almost invisible hair that grows on much of your body, also known as peach fuzz or baby hair.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and acts as a barrier to regulate the exchange of materials.
What do collagen and elastic fibers form in the papillary layer?
A loosely woven mat.
Who is most likely to experience male pattern baldness?
Typically occurs in men due to inherited genes and high testosterone levels.
What is terminal hair?
Thicker and longer hair that grows in places like your scalp and armpits.
What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use to release sebum?
Holocrine secretion.
What substance do sebaceous glands produce?
Sebum.
What are the two types of granules accumulated in the stratum granulosum?
Keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules.
Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?
In areas subject to abrasion, like the skin and the lining of the mouth.
What is the significance of skin pigmentation?
It protects against UV radiation and affects vitamin D synthesis.
How does the skin help regulate body temperature?
Through dilation and constriction of blood vessels.
What activates apocrine glands?
Nerve fibers during pain, stress, and sexual arousal.
What happens to the cells in squamous cell carcinoma?
They continue to divide and grow rapidly as they produce keratin.
What connects the cells in the stratum corneum?
Desmosomes.
What percentage of the body is critical for third- or fourth-degree burns?
Over 10 percent.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from the underlying connective tissue.
What is the typical healing time for second-degree burns?
They usually heal within 2 to 3 weeks, depending on severity.
What is hyperhidrosis?
Excessive sweating that's not always related to heat or exercise.
What areas of the body are critical when affected by third- or fourth-degree burns?
The face, hands, feet, or genitals.
What type of burns allows for regeneration of the epidermis from within the burn area?
Partial-thickness burns.
What is the function of cerumen?
It helps keep the ear canal from drying out.
How do burns affect the body?
They can affect the airway.
What do rashes or lesions in the integumentary system typically indicate?
A bacterial infection.
What are the exceptions where hair is not found on the human body?
Palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What is an example of a subcutaneous injection?
An insulin injection.
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that produce oil.
What are the two main components of the dermis?
Connective tissue layers composed of elastin and collagenous fibers.
What is the significance of cell polarity in epithelial tissue?
Cell polarity allows for the differentiation of functions between the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of the cells.
What are sebaceous glands also known as?
Oil glands.
What is male pattern baldness?
A type of hair loss that occurs in individuals with a specific inherited gene and high levels of testosterone.
What does jaundice indicate?
A liver disorder.
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
What type of gland are sebaceous glands?
Simple, branched acinar (sac-like) glands.
What is the single most common type of cancer?
Skin cancer.
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is a common consequence of deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns?
They form scar tissue.
What can result from an infection of the area around sebaceous glands?
Pustules.
How does sun exposure affect the aging of skin?
Skin exposed to sunlight shows signs of aging more rapidly.
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
How does UV exposure affect skin color?
UV exposure stimulates melanin production, leading to a darker skin tone as a protective response.
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To move substances across the epithelial surface.
What is the normal body temperature range?
36.5 °C to 37.5 °C.
How does the thickness of the stratum corneum influence skin color?
It can affect the overall appearance and tone of the skin.
What are accessory structures of the skin?
Hair, nails, and glands.
What role do sweat glands play in temperature regulation?
They produce sweat, which evaporates and lowers body temperature.
Where do the ducts of sebaceous glands usually empty?
Into a hair follicle.
What is gray hair composed of?
A mixture of unfaded, faded, and white hairs.
Why do many people need to ingest vitamin D?
Because clothing and indoor living reduce their exposure to ultraviolet light.
How are the substances from apocrine glands primarily released?
By merocrine secretion.
What causes hair to lengthen?
Older cells being pushed toward the surface as more new cells are formed beneath them.
What substance in sweat helps kill bacteria?
Dermcidin.
What is a characteristic of the region affected by a third-degree burn?
It is painless because sensory receptors have been destroyed.
What are the common symptoms of first-degree burns?
Redness, minor swelling, and pain.
Who decides to use artificial skin or grafts for burn treatment?
Physicians.
What nourishes the graft in a split skin graft procedure?
Interstitial fluid from the burn.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick, hairless skin?
Stratum lucidum.
What happens to old hair when new hair begins to grow?
The old hair falls out of the hair follicle.
What is the nail matrix?
The part of the nail that is thicker than the nail bed and produces most of the nail.
What is the role of ciliated epithelial tissue?
To move substances across the surface, such as in the respiratory tract.
What is the growth duration of scalp hairs?
Scalp hairs grow for 3 years and then rest for 1 to 2 years.
What is the significance of cell polarity in epithelial tissue?
Cell polarity allows for the differentiation of the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for its functions.
What occurs in the next growth stage of hair?
A new hair is formed and the old hair falls out.
What are intramuscular injections commonly used for?
Most vaccines and certain antibiotics.
What type of hair is found in seemingly hairless areas like ear lobes or face?
Vellus hair.
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues.
What does the 'E' in the ABCDE rule for skin cancer indicate?
Evolution; one or more characteristics is evolving or changing.
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues, as it is avascular.
How can iron deficiency anemia be detected?
Through the presence of flat or concave nails.
What factors contribute to male pattern baldness?
Inheritance of a specific gene and high levels of testosterone.
What are the two main types of hair in the integumentary system?
Vellus hair and terminal hair.
What can result from the healing of deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns?
Disfiguring and debilitating wound contracture.
How many layers of dead squamous cells are in the stratum corneum?
25 or more layers.
What is the function of keratohyaline granules?
They help to form keratin in the upper layer.
What is the composition of hair?
Primarily made of a protein called keratin.
What happens to hair after its lifespan ends?
It falls out and is replaced by new hair after a resting phase.
What are the folds of skin that overlap the borders of the nail?
Cuticles.
Where can emotional sweating occur?
In the palms, soles, armpits, and other places.
Why are facial burns particularly dangerous?
They can cause burns in respiratory passageways, leading to swelling and suffocation.
What is used when it is not practical to move skin from one part of the body to a burn site?
Artificial skin or grafts from human cadavers.
How does recovery occur from a third-degree burn?
From the edges of the burn wound.
How many layers compose the cortex of hair?
Several layers of flattened cells.
What happens if humans are exposed to sufficient ultraviolet light?
They can produce all the vitamin D they need.
What is the primary composition of the secretion produced by eccrine glands?
Mostly water with a few salts.
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors do not spread, while malignant tumors spread through blood and lymph vessels.
What can happen if there is excess cerumen in the ear canal?
It can accumulate and harden, diminishing hearing.
Why is malignant melanoma often considered deadly?
Because it can spread and is aggressive.
What is the most frequent type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma.
What protective functions do hairs serve?
They guard the head against bumps, shield the eyes via eyelashes, and help keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract via nose hairs.
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What determines skin color?
The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
What is the significance of polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for their function.
Where can epithelial tissue be found in the body?
On the surfaces of organs, lining cavities, and forming glands.
What can happen when excess sebum accumulates in the gland ducts?
Pimples and blackheads can form.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
What is the significance of epithelial tissue having a high rate of regeneration?
It allows for quick healing and replacement of damaged cells, which is crucial for maintaining protective barriers.
What is the result of fluid accumulation between the skin layers?
A blister.
What are the two major tissue layers of the skin?
The epidermis and the dermis.
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin (dark brown to black) and pheomelanin (yellow to red).
What is skin cancer associated with?
Exposure to UV light.
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
What is the primary function of sebum?
To lubricate the hair and surface of the skin.
What does asymmetry indicate in skin cancer?
Any two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.
What role does epithelial tissue play in absorption?
It facilitates the absorption of nutrients and substances in organs like the intestines.
What type of glands are apocrine glands?
Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
What surrounds the medulla in hair?
A bulky cortex layer composed of several layers of flattened cells.
What is the nail matrix?
The thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth.
What type of melanin is primarily found in blond hair?
Mostly pheomelanin.
What are the components of the hair root and shaft?
Columns of dead, keratinized, epithelial cells.
What is the primary function of skin glands?
To secrete substances such as sweat and oils.
During which life stage do sebaceous glands become very active?
During adolescence.
What causes red hair?
A mixture of eumelanin and pheomelanin.
What is a significant concern with joint injuries?
Scar tissue that forms can severely limit joint mobility.
Why are nails colorless?
Due to a lack of pigment.
What is the primary function of nails?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What are circumferential burns and their potential impact?
They can restrict movement and interfere with normal breathing, depending on their location.
What do third-degree burns form?
Scar tissue.
What are circumferential burns?
Burns that occur around the body or limb.
What happens after a split skin graft is placed over a burn?
Blood vessels grow into the graft to supply it with nutrients.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?
It has a mild antibacterial and antifungal effect.
What role do genetics play in skin color?
Genetics determine the number and activity of melanocytes.
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from underlying tissues.
What is the role of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What is the origin of each hair?
Each hair arises from a hair follicle.
What are the main parts of a hair?
The hair shaft, hair root, and hair follicle.
What system is affected by aging according to the study?
The integumentary system.
Do hair follicles have a direct nerve supply?
No, hair does not have a nerve supply.
What is the primary focus of the course 'Anatomy and Physiology'?
To study the structure and function of the human body.
Where is hair produced in the integumentary system?
In the hair bulb.
Where can vellus hair be commonly found?
In areas like ear lobes or face.
How can the movement of hair be detected?
Through sensory receptors around the hair follicle.
How can hair follicles contribute to skin repair?
Epithelial cells within the follicle can divide and become a source of new cells if the surface epidermis is damaged.
What role does blood circulation play in skin color?
It affects the hue and tone of the skin.
What are the characteristics of second-degree burns?
They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
What is the visible part of the nail called?
Nail body.
Where are sebaceous glands located?
All over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.
What is the role of ultraviolet light in vitamin D production?
Humans can produce all the vitamin D they need when exposed to enough ultraviolet light.
What effect do increased androgen levels have on the skin during adolescence?
The skin tends to become oilier.
What type of secretion do eccrine glands use?
Merocrine secretion.
What is the function of melanin in the skin?
Melanin protects the skin from UV radiation and contributes to skin color.
What do ceruminous glands secrete?
Cerumen, or ear wax.
Where are eccrine glands most numerous?
In the palms and soles.
What is cancer?
An abnormal cell mass.
What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
What is a split skin graft?
A procedure where the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over a burn.
Who suggests that people who sunbathe frequently examine their skin?
The American Cancer Society.
What substances are typically found in sweat?
Potassium, ammonia, lactic acid, uric acid, and other wastes.
What are the risk factors for skin cancer?
Overexposure to UVR, infrared light, frequent irritation of the skin by infections, chemicals, and physical trauma.
What happens during the Catagen phase?
Hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks.
What are the main types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is pallor (blanching) and what causes it?
Pallor is a pale appearance due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow to an area.
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.
Where can you find epithelial tissue in the body?
In skin, lining of organs, and cavities.
What is the nature of the secretion from apocrine glands when released?
It is essentially odorless.
What percentage of total body weight does the skin represent?
7%.
What are the types of burns that take a long time to heal?
Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns.
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that secrete oil (sebum).
What type of cells primarily make up the stratum corneum?
Shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin.
What skin alteration is associated with Addison’s disease?
Bronzing.
How do pigments affect skin color?
They contribute to the coloration of the skin.
What type of burns are classified as second-degree burns?
Burns that affect both the epidermis and part of the dermis.
What are some factors that can raise body temperature?
Exercise, fever, and increase in environmental temperature.
What are some causes of alopecia?
Disease, poor nutrition, chemotherapy, emotional distress, and aging.
What type of skin cancer develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale?
Squamous cell carcinoma.
What is sebum rich in?
Lipids.
What do some dermal papillae contain?
Capillary loops.
How does aging relate to hair loss?
Aging is a common cause of alopecia.
How does sebum benefit the skin and hair?
It prevents drying and protects against some bacteria, as well as preventing brittle hair.
What happens to nail beds when the supply of oxygen in the blood is low?
They take on a cyanotic (blue) cast.
What is the pH range of sweat?
From 4 to 6.
What factors can affect hair growth?
Genetics, hormones, and overall health.
What does the presence of different colors in a pigmented spot suggest?
It indicates potential skin cancer, as the spot may contain areas of black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue or red.
What type of stimulation do apocrine glands respond to?
Stress and sexual stimulation.
What are the accessory structures of the skin that are specifically mentioned?
Nails.
What types of glands are found in the skin?
Sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands.
What is a common treatment for third-degree burns?
Skin grafts.
How do fourth-degree burns differ from first, second, and third-degree burns?
Fourth-degree burns are the most severe, affecting deeper tissues, while the others affect only the outer layers of skin.
What do sweat glands help regulate?
Body temperature.
What occurs during the Anagen phase of hair growth?
Hair follicles are actively producing hair.
How does the skin appear after a first-degree burn?
It appears red and dry without blisters.
What do the skin's natural antibiotics, defensins, do?
They help protect the skin by fighting off infections.
What does malignant mean in the context of cancer?
It refers to cancerous cells that spread throughout the body.
What is the Telogen phase?
The resting phase where hair is shed and new hair begins to grow.
What are some associated dangers of burns?
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock.
What does the 'D' in the ABCD rule for skin cancer refer to?
Diameter; the lesion is larger than 6 millimeters.
What causes whiteheads?
Blockage of sebaceous glands.
What happens to sebum when it accumulates and is exposed to air?
It darkens, leading to the formation of blackheads.
What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
Fat and connective tissue.
What happens to melanin production as a person ages?
Increased melanin production leads to freckles and gray/white hair.
What is the significance of the polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct functional regions, with an apical surface facing the body cavity or external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement membrane.
What percentage of total body surface area does each area represent in the Rule of Nines?
About 9 percent.
What is the function of keratin in the stratum corneum?
It is a protective protein that prevents water loss from the skin.
What are the two types of melanin?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin.
What happens to melanin in hair as a person ages?
The amount of melanin can decrease, causing hair color to fade.
What is the role of cilia in certain types of epithelial tissue?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
What is the course code for 'Anatomy and Physiology'?
MC1.
What is a fourth-degree burn?
A severe burn that extends through the skin and underlying tissues, potentially affecting muscles and bones.
What does it mean when hair contains no melanin?
The hair appears white.
What is meant by border irregularity in skin cancer?
The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.
What do lamellar granules contain?
Water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis.
What do apocrine glands secrete?
A thick secretion rich in organic substances.
What is a potential risk if squamous cell carcinoma is not removed?
It can metastasize to lymph nodes.
What type of cells make up nails?
Densely packed, heavily keratinized epithelial cells.
What are the three methods by which heat is lost in the integumentary system?
Radiation, convection, and conduction.
What is the lunula in relation to nails?
It is the region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent.
What happens to the nail cells produced by the matrix?
They become heavily keratinized and die.
What type of energy is involved in heat loss by radiation?
Infrared energy.
Which layer of the skin remains viable in partial-thickness burns?
Stratum basale.
What layers of the skin are involved in first-degree burns?
The epidermis.
What are the main components of nails?
Keratin, a tough protein.
What should people look for when examining their skin?
New moles or pigmented spots.
What are the common appearances of malignant melanoma?
A large, flat, spreading lesion or a deeply pigmented module.
What protective peptides are released by wounded skin?
Cathelicidins.
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What can dehydration lead to in burn victims?
It can lead to serious complications and worsen the patient's condition.
Why is skin examination important in medical diagnostics?
It can reveal information about a patient's overall health.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What is the relationship between skin color and vitamin D synthesis?
Darker skin may require more sunlight for adequate vitamin D synthesis.
What are the three main factors that influence skin color?
Pigments in the skin, blood circulation through the skin, and the thickness of the stratum corneum.
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue regarding cell arrangement?
Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
What is a hair follicle?
An extension of the epidermis that originates deep in the dermis.
What is excessive hair loss called?
Alopecia.
What causes the material in blackheads to oxidize?
Exposure to air.
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues, as it is avascular.
Who is the instructor for the course 'Anatomy and Physiology'?
Mariella P. Trance.
Where does hair growth originate?
From the base, specifically in an area above the papilla.
What is the typical lifespan of hair on the head?
Between 2 and 6 years.
What are nails primarily composed of?
A thin plate consisting of dead, stratum corneum cells containing a hard type of keratin.
What hormones increase the activity of sebaceous glands during adolescence?
Androgens (male sex hormones).
What do blood vessels in the hair papilla provide?
Nourishment needed to produce hair.
What role does genetics play in skin color?
Genetics largely determines the baseline level of melanin and the type of melanin produced.
What are the main parts of a nail?
Each nail has a free edge, a body, and a root.
What layers of the skin are affected by fourth-degree burns?
They affect all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
What do skin glands remove from the body?
Water and salt.
What is one of the primary functions of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage.
How does the acidity of sweat benefit the skin?
It inhibits the growth of certain bacteria.
What is malignant melanoma?
Cancer of the melanocytes.
What does the ABCDE rule help to recognize?
Melanoma.
How does sweat reach the skin surface?
Via a duct that opens externally as a funnel-shaped sweat pore.
What percentage of skin cancers does malignant melanoma account for?
5%.
From where does the new epidermis originate in full-thickness burns?
From epithelial tissue in the hair follicles and sweat glands.
What is the structure of eccrine glands?
Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
What is the role of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
Where do the ducts of eccrine sweat glands open?
Onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores.
What process do epithelial cells undergo to form hair?
Division and keratinization.
How can the integumentary system serve as a diagnostic aid?
It provides visible signs of underlying health conditions.
What role do sensory receptors in the skin play?
They detect changes in the environment, such as temperature and pressure.
What type of burns are classified as second-degree burns?
Partial-thickness burns.
Why do nails appear pink?
Due to the rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What indicates a vitamin A deficiency?
Excess keratin production and a 'sand paper' texture.
What types of receptors are housed in some dermal papillae?
Pain receptors and touch receptors called tactile or Meissner’s corpuscles.
Why is temperature regulation important for the body?
The body works best when temperature remains within homeostatic limits.
What happens to the new cells after they produce keratin?
They die.
What does the nail matrix produce?
Nail cells.
How does body temperature affect chemical reactions?
The rate of chemical reactions can increase or decrease based on body temperature.
What are the potential complications of fourth-degree burns?
Complications can include infection, loss of function, and amputation.
What type of burns allows donor tissue to produce new epidermis?
Full-thickness burns.
What are the phases of hair growth?
Anagen (growth), Catagen (transitional), and Telogen (resting).
What type of cells make up the majority of the hair structure?
Dead, flattened cells filled with keratin.
What are the phases of hair growth?
Anagen (growth phase), Catagen (transitional phase), and Telogen (resting phase).
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What forms hair in the growth stage?
Epithelial cells within the hair bulb.
How long does it typically take for a third-degree burn to heal?
It takes a long time to heal.
What happens during the Catagen phase?
Hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks.
What is the visible part of the nail called?
Nail plate.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
Where is cholecalciferol modified to produce active vitamin D?
In the liver and then in the kidneys.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What percentage of the body does the head and neck represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
How long does it typically take for second-degree burns to heal?
About two weeks.
How does aging affect collagen in the dermis?
The amount of collagen decreases.
What is a common result of basal cell carcinoma?
It produces an open ulcer.
What happens if second-degree burns damage deep within the dermis?
They may appear red, tan, or white, take several months to heal, and may scar after healing.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What percentage of the body does the head and neck represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
What percentage of the body does the perineum represent in the Rule of Nines?
1%.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What are the two kinds of sweat glands?
Eccrine and apocrine.
How do sweat glands release sweat?
Into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.
How is the Rule of Nines modified for children?
The proportions are adjusted, with the head representing a larger percentage.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What is the role of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
They assist in protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.
Do some sebaceous glands open directly onto the skin surface?
Yes, some open directly onto the skin surface.
What condition is indicated by jaundice?
Liver damage, such as viral hepatitis, characterized by a yellow color.
In addition to merocrine secretion, what other type of secretion can some apocrine glands demonstrate?
Holocrine secretion.
What does the lunula represent?
It is part of the nail matrix visible through the nail body.
What is the role of sebum in the integumentary system?
It has bactericidal properties that kill bacteria.
What does convection refer to in the context of temperature regulation?
Air movement.
How does regeneration of the epidermis occur in partial-thickness burns?
From within the burn area and from the edges of the burn.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is a key characteristic of third-degree burns?
They can appear white, charred, or leathery and may not be painful due to nerve damage.
What type of burns does the split skin graft procedure address?
Full-thickness burns.
What is the nail matrix primarily composed of?
Mostly nonliving material.
What are common risk factors for skin cancer?
Excessive sun exposure, fair skin, and a history of sunburns.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
Where does basal cell carcinoma begin?
With cells in the stratum basale.
What role does the integumentary system play in detecting infections?
It shows signs like redness, swelling, and pus.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What are age spots?
Areas where the number of melanocytes increases with age.
What percentage of the body does each leg represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What percentage of the body does the posterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
How do glands in the integumentary system function?
They secrete substances like sweat and oil to maintain skin health.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What is the significance of vitamin D synthesis in the integumentary system?
It helps in calcium absorption and bone health.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What is a characteristic of fourth-degree burns regarding sensation?
They are painless.
What type of burns are classified as first-degree burns?
Burns that affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis).
What type of burns are mentioned in the context of skin grafting?
Full-thickness burns.
What results in gray and white hair?
A lack of melanin.
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body from external damage and pathogens.
Where do apocrine glands open?
Into hair follicles, specifically in the armpits and genitalia.
What is skin cancer?
A type of cancer that forms in the skin cells.
Why are skin grafts used in treating third-degree burns?
To prevent complications and to speed healing.
What is the typical healing time for first-degree burns?
Usually heals within 3 to 6 days.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What is the Telogen phase?
The resting phase where hair is shed and new hair begins to grow.
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation.
How do third-degree burns affect skin function?
They impair the skin's ability to protect against infection and regulate temperature.
How can skin cancer be prevented?
By using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding tanning beds.
What role do eccrine glands play in the body?
They are a highly efficient part of the body's heat-regulating equipment.
What is circulatory shock in the context of burns?
A condition where the body does not get enough blood flow, potentially leading to organ failure.
What does active vitamin D stimulate in the small intestine?
The absorption of calcium and phosphate.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is the protective function of hair in the nose and ears?
It prevents the entry of dust.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What percentage of the body does the posterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the function of sweat glands?
To regulate body temperature through perspiration.
What is often required due to the severity of fourth-degree burns?
Amputation or complete removal of the damaged tissue.
What are the possible colors of a third-degree burn?
White, tan, brown, black, deep cherry red.
What type of burns are classified as third-degree burns?
Burns that damage all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissue.
What are the characteristics of first-degree burns?
Red and painful with slight edema or swelling.
What is a burn?
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What is the primary concern with third-degree burns?
They can lead to severe complications, including infection and fluid loss.
What is the purpose of the cuticle?
To protect the nail matrix from infection.
What factors can influence hair growth?
Genetics, hormones, nutrition, and overall health.
What is the cuticle or eponychium?
It is the stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What role does hair on the head play in the integumentary system?
It acts as an insulator.
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
What is a common risk associated with aging skin?
Increased likelihood of skin infections.
What is the function of eyelashes in the integumentary system?
They protect the eyes from foreign objects.
What happens to the number of melanocytes as a person ages?
The number of melanocytes decreases.
What percentage of the body does each arm represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
What is the significance of hair in the integumentary system?
It provides protection, insulation, and sensory input.
What are the functions of glands in the integumentary system?
They secrete substances like sweat and oil for regulation and protection.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the primary function of nails?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What are fourth-degree burns?
Extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue, damaging muscle, bone, and other associated tissues.
What occurs during the Anagen phase of hair growth?
Hair follicles are actively producing hair.
What is conduction in terms of heat loss?
Heat loss through direct contact.
Why is it important for frequent sunbathers to examine their skin?
To detect potential skin cancer early.
What constitutes the hair structure?
Hair root + shaft = columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
How long does it typically take for first-degree burns to heal?
About a week without scarring.
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
How are eccrine glands activated?
They are supplied with nerve endings that trigger sweat secretion when external or body temperature is too high.
How does the integumentary system reduce water loss?
By providing a barrier that prevents excessive evaporation.
What are the signs of skin cancer?
Changes in moles, new growths, or sores that do not heal.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
How do eyebrows contribute to protection?
They keep sweat out of the eyes.
Why is vitamin D important for the body?
It is essential for normal bone growth and normal muscle function.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature, hydration, and sensation.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What percentage of the body does each arm represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
What microorganisms does the integumentary system help prevent from entering the body?
Various harmful microorganisms.
What percentage of the body does each leg represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and water loss.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
What is the significance of nails in the integumentary system?
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and enhance sensation.
How does the process of new epidermis formation in full-thickness burns compare to another type of burn?
It occurs in the same manner as in superficial second-degree burns.
How do nails grow?
From the nail matrix located under the cuticle.
What can cause first-degree burns?
Sunburn or brief exposure to hot/cold objects.
What does the skin produce when exposed to UV light?
Cholecalciferol.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
How malignant is basal cell carcinoma compared to other types of skin cancer?
It is the least malignant of the three types.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
Are nails living or nonliving structures?
Nails are mostly nonliving material.
Where is the cuticle located?
At the edge of the thick proximal nail fold.
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What percentage of the body does each arm represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
What percentage of the body does each leg represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What is the total percentage for the entire body in the Rule of Nines?
100%.
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
What is the role of the dermis in the integumentary system?
Provides strength, elasticity, and houses blood vessels and nerves.
What accessory structures are part of the integumentary system?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
How does the integumentary system contribute to thermoregulation?
By regulating sweat production and blood flow to the skin.
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
Melanoma.
How does hair growth vary among individuals?
It can be influenced by genetics, hormones, and health conditions.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
How can burns cause electrolyte imbalance?
Through fluid loss and damage to the skin, affecting the body's ability to maintain electrolyte levels.
What are some foods that contain small amounts of vitamin D?
Eggs, butter, and liver.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What percentage of the body does each leg represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
How does the repair of skin change with age?
It occurs slower.
What percentage of the body does the head and neck represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
How does the integumentary system protect underlying structures?
By guarding against abrasion.
What are sweat glands also known as?
Sudoriferous glands.
What percentage of the body does the anterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the significance of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
They play roles in protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.
What is the role of the dermis in the integumentary system?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair, nails, and glands.
What are the common types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
They are important for regulating body temperature by secreting sweat.
What is one of the primary functions of the integumentary system?
Protection.
What are the symptoms of second-degree burns?
Redness, pain, edema, and blisters.
What happens to the epidermis as a person ages?
It thins.
What does basal cell carcinoma extend into?
The dermis.
How can changes in skin color be significant in diagnostics?
They can indicate conditions like jaundice or cyanosis.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What percentage of the body does the anterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What physical changes occur in the skin due to loss of fat with aging?
Sagging of skin and wrinkles.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
What percentage of the body does the posterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the primary composition of sweat?
Water, salts, and vitamin C.
What is the function of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What are some common skin conditions that can indicate systemic diseases?
Rashes, discoloration, and lesions.
What is the significance of the skin's barrier function?
It prevents water loss and protects against environmental hazards.
What are the best sources of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and vitamin D fortified milk.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What percentage of the body does each arm represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
Do second-degree burns usually result in scarring?
No, there is no scarring.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
What percentage of the body does the head and neck represent in the Rule of Nines?
9%.
What role does skin play in the integumentary system?
It acts as a barrier to protect underlying tissues.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
How does the integumentary system contribute to body temperature regulation?
Through sweat production and blood flow to the skin.
What type of gland is responsible for producing sweat?
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands).
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and preventing water loss.
What role do accessory structures like hair and nails play in the integumentary system?
They provide protection and enhance sensory functions.
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
How does aging affect sebaceous gland activity?
Sebaceous gland activity decreases, causing the skin to become drier.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What happens to elastic fibers in the dermis as one ages?
The number of elastic fibers decreases.
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
What percentage of the body does the anterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the structure of nails in the integumentary system?
Nails are composed of keratin and protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
What additional substances may be found in sweat?
Traces of metabolic wastes and lactic acid.
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
Epidermis.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What is the transparency of nails?
Nails are transparent and nearly colorless.
What happens to sweat gland activity with aging?
It decreases, leading to reduced ability to regulate body temperature.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
What percentage of the body does the posterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
What percentage of the body does the anterior trunk represent in the Rule of Nines?
18%.
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
What percentage of the body does the perineum represent in the Rule of Nines?
1%.
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
To provide a protective barrier.
What pigment is responsible for skin color?
Melanin.
What is the primary purpose of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
