D) D-glucose

Explanation: D-glucose is referred to as blood sugar and is the main source of energy for the body, making it crucial from a nutritional standpoint.

C) Lubrication necessary for joint movement

Explanation: The primary function of acidic polysaccharides in connective tissue is to provide lubrication, which is essential for smooth joint movement.

B) They are mirror images of each other

Explanation: Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, differing primarily in their interaction with polarized light.

B) Six-membered cyclic form

Explanation: D-galactose exists in a six-membered cyclic form, which is typical for many hexoses.

B) The position of the -OH group on C1 relative to the CH2OH group

Explanation: The alpha or beta configuration is determined by the position of the -OH group on C1 relative to the CH2OH group, with both groups pointing in the same direction for beta and in opposite directions for alpha.

B) An acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide

Explanation: A glycoside is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacing the hemiacetal -OH group with an -OR group.

C) To depict the spatial arrangement of groups around chiral centers

Explanation: Fischer projection formulas are used to provide a two-dimensional representation of the spatial arrangement of groups around chiral centers in molecules.

C) Sucrose

Explanation: Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose, making it a well-known example.

D) Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Explanation: Simple carbohydrates consist of dietary monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are commonly referred to as sugars and are sweet to taste.

B) It can cause blood cells to form clumps

Explanation: A transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause a potentially fatal reaction where blood cells clump together, highlighting the importance of blood type compatibility.

D) Maltose

Explanation: Maltose, often referred to as malt sugar, is produced during the breakdown of starch and is composed of two D-glucose units, one of which must be α-D-glucose.

C) Lactose

Explanation: Lactose is the major sugar found in milk, composed of β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose units joined by a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage.

B) Left-handed and right-handed

Explanation: Most monosaccharides exist in two forms, referred to as left-handed and right-handed, which is analogous to the two hands of a person, highlighting their chirality.

B) Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Explanation: Carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, forming a fundamental class of biomolecules.

B) It acts as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots

Explanation: Heparin is a polysaccharide that functions as an anticoagulant, preventing the formation of blood clots in the body.

D) 60%

Explanation: A balanced dietary food should ideally contain about 60% carbohydrates, as indicated in the provided content.

C) A sugar with an amino group replacing a hydroxyl group

Explanation: An amino sugar is defined as a monosaccharide where one of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with an amino group, which is crucial for forming polysaccharides like chitin.

C) α(1-2)

Explanation: Sucrose has a glycosidic linkage that is a head-to-head connection, specifically an α(1-2) linkage, making it a nonreducing sugar.

B) Diastereomers that differ at one chiral center

Explanation: Epimers are a specific type of diastereomer that differ in configuration at only one chiral center, making them distinct from other stereoisomers.

B) Cyclic form

Explanation: The dominant form of monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms is cyclic, as they exist in equilibrium with their open chain forms.

B) α (1 → 4) and α (1 → 6)

Explanation: Starch contains α (1 → 4) glycosidic bonds in its straight chains and α (1 → 6) bonds in its branches, making it a branched polymer.

C) They are stable in aqueous solution

Explanation: Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism.

A) Lactose intolerance

Explanation: Lactose intolerance occurs when individuals lack the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to hydrolyze lactose into galactose and glucose, leading to digestive discomfort.

C) Ketohexose

Explanation: D-fructose is classified as a ketohexose because it has a ketone functional group and six carbon atoms.

C) Hyaluronic acid

Explanation: Hyaluronic acid is a well-known example of an acidic polysaccharide, characterized by its alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.

B) Sugar alcohol

Explanation: The reduction of the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide results in the formation of a sugar alcohol, which is a polyhydroxy alcohol.

C) Amylose is a straight chain polymer, while amylopectin has a high degree of branching.

Explanation: Amylose is primarily a straight chain polymer, while amylopectin is characterized by its branched structure.

C) It rotates light to the right

Explanation: Dextrorotatory compounds are chiral substances that rotate plane polarized light in a clockwise direction.

B) Polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a negatively charged sugar

Explanation: Acidic polysaccharides are characterized by their repeating disaccharide units that include an amino sugar and a negatively charged sugar, which is crucial for their structural and functional roles.

B) To rate foods based on how quickly they raise blood glucose levels

Explanation: The glycemic index (GI) is developed to rate foods according to how quickly they are digested and how they affect blood glucose levels.

B) Haworth projection

Explanation: The Haworth projection formula is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

B) D-galactose

Explanation: The biochemical basis for the various blood types involves monosaccharides, particularly D-galactose and its derivatives, which are present on the plasma membranes of red blood cells.

B) Diastereomers differ in most chemical and physical properties

Explanation: Diastereomers, like constitutional isomers, differ in chemical and physical properties, but they are not mirror images of each other, unlike enantiomers.

C) D-ribose

Explanation: D-ribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide that is a crucial component of RNA, ATP, and DNA.

C) Cn(H2O)n

Explanation: The formula for carbohydrates can be represented as Cn(H2O)n, indicating their composition of carbon and water molecules.

D) Polysaccharide

Explanation: Cellulose is classified as a polysaccharide, consisting of many monosaccharide units covalently bonded together, and serves as a structural element in plants.

D) O

Explanation: People with type O blood are universal donors, meaning their blood can be given to individuals of any blood type without causing adverse reactions.

C) Humans lack enzymes to hydrolyze β (1 → 4) glycosidic bonds.

Explanation: Humans do not possess the necessary enzymes to break down the β (1 → 4) glycosidic bonds found in cellulose, making it indigestible.

C) It has a carbon atom attached to four different groups

Explanation: A chiral molecule is defined by having a chiral center, which is a carbon atom bonded to four different groups, making its mirror images non-superimposable.

C) They contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

Explanation: Monosaccharides are defined as containing a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars.

C) They form part of the structural framework

Explanation: Carbohydrates, specifically ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, are integral components of the structural framework of these nucleic acids.

D) Glycogen

Explanation: Glycogen is the primary storage polysaccharide in humans and animals, serving as a form of energy storage.

C) Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images

Explanation: Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, typically involving molecules with chiral centers.

B) To serve as a major source of energy

Explanation: Carbohydrates are primarily known for serving as a major source of energy and as reserve food material in the human body.

C) Aldonic acid

Explanation: Weak oxidizing agents such as Tollens and Benedict’s solutions oxidize the aldehyde end of a monosaccharide to produce an aldonic acid.

A) A, B, AB, O

Explanation: Human blood is classified into four types: A, B, AB, and O, which are essential for understanding blood transfusions and compatibility.

B) Providing rigidity to exoskeletons of arthropods

Explanation: Chitin serves the important function of providing structural rigidity to the exoskeletons of various arthropods, such as crabs and insects.

C) Genetic information storage

Explanation: While carbohydrates play various roles, they do not store genetic information; that function is primarily served by nucleic acids.

B) They are not sweet and do not show positive tests with Tollen’s and Benedict’s solutions.

Explanation: Polysaccharides are characterized by their lack of sweetness and do not react positively with Tollen’s and Benedict’s solutions, distinguishing them from monosaccharides.

B) β(1-4) glycosidic linkage

Explanation: Cellobiose contains two β-D-glucose monosaccharide units linked through a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage, which is significant in the context of cellulose hydrolysis.