p.25
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What is the clinical terminology for the anterior interventricular artery?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD).
In which direction is the long axis of the heart directed?
Downwards, forwards, and to the left.
Where does the apex of the heart lie?
In the left 5th intercostal space, 3.5 inches from the median plane.
p.5
Shape and Surfaces of the Heart
What portion of the heart does the left ventricle form?
The left 2/3 of the heart.
p.23
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What is the clinical correlate of complete occlusion of a major coronary artery?
Inadequate oxygenation of a myocardial area and cell death (myocardial infarction).
p.20
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What do the anterior cardiac veins drain?
The anterior wall of the right ventricle.
p.20
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Where do the anterior cardiac veins open?
Directly into the right atrium.
p.20
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What are the Venae cordis minimi?
Minute veins in the muscle layer of each chamber.
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Small branches to supply the walls of both ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk, Anterior interventricular artery (LAD), Circumflex artery.
p.4
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries run along?
The upper border of the base.
p.12
Right Coronary Artery
Where does the right coronary artery end by anastomosing with another branch?
With the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.
What forms the base (posterior) surface of the heart?
The back of both atria, mainly the left atrium.
How does the left coronary artery end?
By dividing into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery.
p.22
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Are coronary arteries considered as functional end arteries?
Yes, they are considered as functional end arteries.
In which direction is the apex of the heart directed?
Downwards, forwards, and to the left.
p.18
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Where does the Coronary Sinus end?
Into the cavity of the right atrium.
Where does the heart lie in the middle mediastinum?
Obliquely, with 1/3 to the right and 2/3 to the left of the median plane.
p.17
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
Is sudden coronary occlusion more dangerous at a young age or in old age?
Sudden coronary occlusion is more dangerous at a young age.
p.17
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
Why is sudden coronary occlusion more dangerous at a young age?
Younger individuals may have fewer collateral blood vessels, leading to more severe consequences.
p.7
Shape and Surfaces of the Heart
How is the ventricular portion of the heart divided?
It is divided by the anterior interventricular sulcus into right 2/3 formed by the right ventricle and left 1/3 formed by the left ventricle.
p.11
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Why are the right and left coronary arteries called 'coronaries'?
Because they surround the ventricles like a crown surrounds the head.
From which aortic sinus does the left coronary artery arise?
Left posterior aortic sinus.
p.5
Shape and Surfaces of the Heart
What portion of the heart does the right ventricle form?
The right 1/3 of the heart.
p.8
Arterial Supply of the Heart
What structure lodges in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
a) Anterior interventricular artery branch of left coronary
p.23
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What may partial blockages of coronary arteries produce?
Pain (angina) during or after exercise.
p.16
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Are coronary arteries considered as physiological end arteries?
Yes, they are considered as physiological end arteries.
p.21
Nerve Supply of the Heart
What supplies the heart with nerves?
Autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves) through the superficial & deep cardiac plexuses.
p.16
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Is coronary anastomosis poor in young age?
Yes, it is poor in young age.
p.11
Arterial Supply of the Heart
What arteries supply the heart?
Right and left coronary arteries.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Heart
What is the function of the marginal artery?
It runs along the inferior border of the heart and supplies the right ventricle.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Where does the posterior interventricular artery (PDA) run?
It runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricles & posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum.
p.24
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
Which vein is harvested from the lower limb for use as an autologous graft in coronary artery bypass grafting?
The Great Saphenous Vein.
Where does the Circumflex artery run and what does it supply?
Runs backwards in posterior part of coronary sulcus to supply posterior wall of both left atrium & left ventricle.
p.23
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What does the severity of coronary artery disease depend on?
The size and location of the artery involved and whether the blockage is complete.
In what position does the base of the heart lie opposite the bodies of thoracic vertebrae?
TV to TVIII in supine position and TVI to TIX when standing.
p.21
Nerve Supply of the Heart
Where does the deep cardiac plexus lie?
In front of tracheal bifurcation.
p.22
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Is coronary anastomosis poor in young age?
Yes, coronary anastomosis is poor in young age.
p.25
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What is the clinical terminology for the posterior interventricular artery?
Posterior descending artery (PDA).
p.19
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What are the tributaries that the structure receives?
1. Great cardiac vein 2. Middle cardiac vein 3. Small cardiac vein 4. Posterior vein of left ventricle 5. Oblique vein of left atrium
What is the diameter comparison between the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery?
Larger in diameter than the right coronary artery.
p.20
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Where do the Venae cordis minimi open?
Directly into the cavity of that chamber.
p.24
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
What is the alternative treatment for severe coronary artery disease if angioplasty is not feasible?
Surgical coronary artery bypass grafting.
Where does the left coronary artery run between to reach the upper end of the anterior interventricular sulcus?
Between the root of the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle.
What structures does the posterior interventricular groove contain?
1. Posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery. 2. Middle cardiac vein.
In which direction is the base of the heart directed?
Backwards and to the right.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Heart
What are the special branches of the right coronary artery responsible for supplying?
Both the SA node and AV node.
p.18
Venous Drainage of the Heart
What is the Coronary Sinus?
A wide venous channel located in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus.
p.22
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Do coronary arteries and their branches anastomose anatomically?
Yes, they do anastomose anatomically.
What does the Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD) supply?
Anterior wall of both ventricles & anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Heart
What does the small unnamed branch supply?
It supplies the walls of the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and right atrium.
p.24
Clinical Correlates of Coronary Arteries
Besides the Great Saphenous Vein, what other arteries can be used for coronary artery bypass grafting?
The Internal Thoracic or Radial Arteries.
p.6
Shape and Surfaces of the Heart
What masks the part formed by the left atrium in the atrial portion of the heart?
The pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta.
p.16
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Can the sites of anastomosis provide effective collateral circulation if a large artery is obstructed?
No, the sites of anastomosis cannot provide effective collateral circulation.
How many borders does the heart have?
Four: right, left, superior, and inferior.
p.22
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Can the sites of anastomosis provide effective collateral circulation if a large artery is obstructed?
No, the sites of anastomosis cannot provide effective collateral circulation if a large artery is obstructed.
p.16
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Does coronary anastomosis become relatively more efficient as one gets older?
Yes, it becomes relatively more efficient as one gets older.
p.22
Arterial Supply of the Heart
Does coronary anastomosis become more relatively efficient as one gets older?
Yes, it becomes more relatively efficient as one gets older.
