The three phases are: Before conditioning - Neutral stimulus (NS), Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and Unconditioned response (UCR); During conditioning - NS pairs with UCS; After conditioning - Conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a conditioned response (CR).
Behaviorism focuses on observable, measurable behaviors and disregards the role of unobservable mental processes. Conditioning involves learning the association between events that occur in an organism's environment.
Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors through observation, highlighting the impact of modeling and the processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation in observational learning.
A conditioned response (CR) is an acquired response that is triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS), which was originally the unconditioned response (UCR).
The CR will gradually diminish, a process known as extinction. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS. Acquisition is the process during which the CS-UCS association is learned.
Shaping is the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response, often illustrated through a series of steps, such as training a rat to press a lever.
The two types of consequences are pleasant (positive stimulus) and unpleasant (negative stimulus). When a pleasant stimulus is presented, it typically increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
Thorndike's Law of Effect states that if some random actions are followed by pleasurable consequences or rewards, those actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future. B.F. Skinner is a key person associated with operant conditioning, which is a learning process through which the frequency of a behavior increases or decreases as a result of its consequences.
Positive reinforcement involves presenting a favorable stimulus as a consequence to increase desired behavior, while negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unfavorable stimulus to increase desired behavior.
A schedule of reinforcement is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time. Different types include fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules.
Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, while stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar but irrelevant stimuli.
Yes, these examples represent learning as they show changes in behavior based on experiences. Learning is a process that leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
The key processes involved in observational learning include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Albert Bandura is the key person associated with the concept of observational learning.
Little Albert feared the white and furry objects due to classical conditioning, where he associated them with a frightening experience involving a loud noise.
Punishment by removal involves taking away something valued to reduce a response, such as losing a privilege. Punishment by application involves presenting something unpleasant to reduce a response, such as getting a spanking for disobeying.
