structural change

English is widely used and has led to a body of literary works by Indians, providing an edge in the global market. However, it also signifies privilege, as not knowing English can disadvantage individuals in the job market.

Cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam declined, while Bombay and Madras grew.

The independent Indian state actively promoted industrialisation in response to the impact of colonialism on the growth of industry in India.

Structural changes are often accompanied by cultural changes, making it difficult to discuss one without mentioning the other.

Kolkata was one of the first colonial cities, established as a trading post by English merchant Job Charnock.

Modern colonialism, particularly British colonialism, directly interfered with local economies to maximize profits for British capitalism, unlike pre-capitalist conquerors who mainly extracted tribute without altering the economic base.

Examples include the parliamentary and legal system based on the British model, driving on the left side of the road, British-style food items, and school uniforms that include neck-ties.

Colonialism means the establishment of rule by one country over another.

Colonial government used fraud and coercion to recruit labourers, often persuading the government to pass penal laws to aid in this process.

Indians often admire Western ideas and lifestyles while simultaneously resenting the colonial history and its implications on their freedom and identity.

The decennial growth rate of the urban population in 1951 was 41.42%.

Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.

Key components included the development of heavy and machine-making industries, expansion of the public sector, and a large cooperative sector.

Colonialism introduced wide-ranging changes in legal, cultural, and architectural spheres, leading to both deliberate and unintended structural changes.

New industrial towns such as Bokaro, Bhilai, Rourkela, and Durgapur emerged in the years following Independence.

The urban population and the number of urban agglomerations/towns in India are increasing.

The percentage share of the urban population is increasing.

Many villages are increasingly subject to urban influences, with the nature of impact varying based on their relations with nearby cities or towns.

In 2011, there were 7,935 towns in India.

Colonial interests governed early industrialisation and urbanisation in India, leading to a different trajectory compared to Britain.

17.29% of India's population, which was 62.44 million people, lived in urban areas in 1951.

The principle of nationalism assumes that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power, closely associated with the rise of democratic ideas.

The influx of immigrant workers creates demand for housing and markets, leading to challenges in relationships between native residents and immigrants.

For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population was more in urban areas than in rural areas.

The Swadeshi movement strengthened loyalty to the national economy and promoted the idea that poverty was preventable through economic self-reliance.

Land ownership and facilities for education in English, which were insufficient to create a genuine middle class.

The decennial growth rate of the urban population shows a decreasing trend.

The tea industry began in India in 1851, with most tea gardens situated in Assam.

Migrants often send money back home, visit regularly, and invest in land, industry, and educational institutions in their natal villages.

The decennial growth rate of the urban population showed a declining trend during 1981–2001.

Britain was the first society to undergo industrialisation and also the earliest to transition from a rural to a predominantly urban country.

The importation of cheap European goods and the establishment of Western-type factories destroyed many village industries.

Western colonialism was closely connected to the growth of western capitalism, which had a lasting impact on how capitalism developed in colonized countries like India.

Social reform and nationalist movements, along with laws, political life, and the Constitution, have been shaped by the paradoxical experience of colonialism.

British colonialism changed land ownership laws and dictated what crops should be grown.

British industrialisation led to the decline of traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India due to competition from Manchester.

By 1903, the tea industry employed 479,000 permanent and 93,000 temporary employees.

They evaluate English essays written by non-English speaking students in Asia, contributing to online education in the BPO segment.

In India, the initial impact led to more people moving into agriculture, unlike in Britain where people moved into urban areas.

Colonialism led to considerable movement of people within India, such as individuals from Jharkhand moving to Assam for tea plantations and a newly emerging middle class relocating as government employees and professionals.

Products included scouring powder, self-raising flour, safety pins, silverware, and even large cast-iron bathtubs.

British colonialism altered the way production and distribution of goods took place in India.

1. Villages with migrants working in far-off cities. 2. Villages near industrial towns experiencing uprooting and influx of immigrant workers. 3. Villages absorbed or partially used for urban development due to metropolitan city expansion.

These towns lost their courts, leading to a decline in artisans and court gentry.

Indian nationalists considered economic exploitation a central issue and believed that rapid industrialisation was essential for growth and social equity.

Industrialisation and urbanisation are linked processes that imply changes in production systems, technological innovations, and ways of life.

Cities like Bombay changed to Mumbai, Madras to Chennai, Calcutta to Kolkata, and Bangalore to Bengaluru, reflecting cultural shifts.

Western education was introduced to create Indians who could manage British colonialism, but it instead fostered a nationalist and anti-colonial consciousness.

British colonialism implemented Forest Acts that restricted pastoralists from accessing forests that were previously vital for their cattle.

For groups like the Dalits, knowledge of English can open doors to opportunities that were previously inaccessible due to lack of formal education.

Some towns became much more heavily populated due to the installation of mechanised factory industries.

Bombay was planned and redeveloped so that over three-quarters of India's raw cotton was shipped through the city.

London's population increased from about 1.1 million in 1800 to over 7 million by the start of the twentieth century.

The European town featured spacious bungalows, planned streets, and recreational facilities, while the native town had restricted access to utilities.

Colonialism introduced new political, economic, and social structures, notably industrialisation and urbanisation.

Indian nationalist leaders declared that freedom or swaraj was their birthright and fought for both political and economic freedom.

They served as prime links for exporting primary commodities and importing manufactured goods, facilitating global capitalism.

It shows the contradictory and unintended consequences of colonialism, particularly in relation to industrialisation and social structure.

High prices of agricultural produce prompted many village artisans to abandon their hereditary crafts in favor of agriculture.

Individuals can research towns like Bokaro, Bhilai, Rourkela, and Durgapur, and investigate the existence of similar towns in their region.

Tea planters faced challenges due to Assam's sparse population and the need to import labourers from other provinces, which required financial incentives they were unwilling to provide.

The 'Smart City' initiative aims to facilitate rapid urbanisation and development in Indian cities in the 21st century.

By 1900, 74 percent of the population in Britain lived in towns or cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants.

British planters lived in luxury with sprawling bungalows, surrounded by gardens and served by a large number of domestic staff.

Nation states became the dominant political form, shaping how societies were organized, particularly after the First World War when passports became more common for international travel.

The recruiting ground for labor was centered in Bihar, particularly in districts like Patna, Gaya, and Champaran.

India's colonial experience is significant because it introduced modern ideas and institutions, which were often contradictory to the reality of colonial rule that denied Indians liberty and freedom.