substage 2 BD

SHH, FGF4, and BMP2 and 4.

The palatoglossal arch with its muscle.

Palatopharyngeus muscle.

The soft palate.

The tongue.

Guillotine method.

From the ectoderm of the maxillary process.

To the submental nodes.

Cellulitis of the floor of the mouth, causing swelling below the chin and within the mouth.

Covered with stratified squamous nonkeratinised epithelium, which dips into the underlying tissue to form the crypts.

Between 18 and 20 years.

They have long roots which reach up to the medial angle of the eye.

Formation of the enamel organ from the deeper enlarged parts of the tooth bud, known as the cap stage.

The epithelium.

Bilateral complete, Unilateral complete, Partial midline, Cleft of soft palate, Bifid uvula.

The pharyngobasilar fascia.

It lies on the buccinator and is best developed in infants.

Length: About 12 cm, Width: Upper part is widest (3.5 cm) and non-collapsible.

A fold of mucous membrane containing various parts.

To form a partition between the nasal and oral cavities.

The lesser palatine nerves through the greater petrosal nerve to the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve.

Free part and attached part.

It appropriately divides and directs air through the nasal and oral cavities during sneezing, and directs air and sputum into the mouth during coughing.

The piriform fossa.

They drain into the upper deep cervical and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

13–14 years.

Neural crest.

Tightens the soft palate and opens the auditory tube to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the nasopharynx.

Pulls up the root of the tongue, approximates the palatoglossal arches, and closes the oropharyngeal isthmus.

A triangular vestigial fold of mucous membrane covering the anteroinferior part of the tonsil.

Mesodermal in origin.

It may occlude the auditory or pharyngotympanic tube, leading to middle ear problems.

The horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

It is a calcified material containing spiral tubules radiating from the pulp cavity.

Anterior and posterior.

The incisors are cutting teeth, canines are holding and tearing teeth, premolars are bicuspid teeth, and molars are grinding teeth.

It can be used to estimate the person's age.

A congenital defect caused by non-fusion of the right and left palatal processes.

Skin, superficial fascia, buccinator, submucosa, and mucous membrane.

The hard and the soft palates.

1. The nasal part—nasopharynx. 2. The oral part—oropharynx. 3. The laryngeal part—laryngopharynx.

The largest crypt of the tonsil, present in its upper part, representing the internal opening of the second pharyngeal pouch.

To form median folds that pass from the lips to the gums.

Skin, superficial fascia, the orbicularis oris muscle, submucosa, and mucous membrane.

Arterial supply of the palatine tonsil.

It is made up of crystalline prisms lying roughly at right angles to the surface of the tooth.

The posterior border of the hard palate.

Less space for eruption.

Buccopharyngeal fascia.

Invagination of the enamel organ by mesenchyme of dental papilla, forming the bell stage.

Neural crest cells.

The palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar of fauces) and the palatopharyngeal arch (posterior pillar of fauces).

The palatine aponeurosis.

Superiorly: Base of the skull, including the posterior part of the body of the sphenoid and the basilar part of the occipital bone. Inferiorly: The pharynx is continuous with the oesophagus at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, corresponding to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. Posteriorly: The pharynx glides freely on the prevertebral fascia which separates it from the cervical vertebral bodies. Anteriorly: It communicates with the nasal cavity, the oral cavity and the larynx.

To raise a ridge called the Passavant’s ridge on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Externally by the lips and cheeks, and internally by the teeth and gums.

They are tall columnar cells capable of replacing dentine at any time in life.

It is not differentiated into cortex and medulla.

The superior, middle, and inferior constrictors of the pharynx.

Greater palatine branch of maxillary artery, ascending palatine branch of facial artery, and palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal artery.

The internal laryngeal nerve.

Posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves (V2).

Development of 10 centres of proliferation from dental lamina, forming dental buds.

The uvula.

Originates from the inferior aspect of the auditory tube and adjoining part of the inferior surface of petrous temporal bone, and inserts into the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis.

IV and VI pharyngeal arches.

Glossopharyngeal and lesser palatine nerves.

It is the communication between the oral cavity and the pharynx, bounded by the soft palate, tongue, and palatoglossal arches.

Covered by stratified squamous epithelium with 12 to 15 crypts, including the intratonsillar cleft.

By a sheet of fascia which forms the hemicapsule of the tonsil.

By varying the degree of closure of the pharyngeal isthmus, it can modify the quality of voice and correctly pronounce various consonants.

Milk or deciduous teeth.

They pass to the pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses of veins.

12–16 months.

Infection may spread in the facial vein and lead to thrombosis of the cavernous sinus.

By laying down layers of dentine, narrowing the pulp space to a canal for the passage of nerve and blood vessels.

Ameloblasts.

The base of the skull.

32 teeth.

The right and left palatine tonsils, nasopharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsils, and lingual tonsil.

Frenulum of the tongue, sublingual papilla, sublingual fold, and sublingual gland.

Jugulodigastric node.

Firm attachment to the side of the tongue (suspensory ligament of tonsil).

To separate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

It holds the root of the tooth in its socket and acts as a periosteum to both the cementum and the bony socket.

Removal of foreign bodies from the piriform fossa.

An outer circular layer made up of the three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior) and an inner longitudinal layer made up of the stylopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the palatopharyngeus muscles.

Ectoderm.

Epithelial–mesenchymal interaction.

The palatopharyngeal arch with its muscle.

Pulls up the uvula.

Pharyngeal plexus derived from the cranial part of the accessory nerve through the vagus.

Hard palate and soft palate.

It clasps the inlet of the larynx.

Endoderm of ventral part of the second pharyngeal pouch.

The soft palate is composed of muscles and mucous membrane.

Only once (diphyodont).

At the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Crown, root, and neck.

7–8 years.

Separate injections on both the buccal and palatal surfaces of the maxillary process just distal to the tooth.

Superior, middle, and inferior constrictors.

Palatoglossus muscle.

It forms the posterior boundary of the tonsillar fossa and merges inferiorly with the lateral wall of the pharynx.

It forms a sphincter internal to the superior constrictor, closing the pharyngeal isthmus between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx.

Tonsillar branch of facial artery.

The submandibular nodes.

To the submental nodes.

Piriform fossa.

Pharyngobasilar fascia, superior constrictor and palatopharyngeus muscles, buccopharyngeal fascia, styloglossus, and the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Loose fibrous tissue containing vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

Supplied by branches of the maxillary artery.

The inferior overlaps middle which in turn overlaps the superior.

By the fusion of medial nasal folds, which are folds of frontonasal process.

It forms the lateral boundary of the oropharyngeal isthmus or isthmus of fauces.

Pulls up the wall of the pharynx and shortens it during swallowing.

In the tonsillar sinus or fossa between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.

It is formed by some fibers of the sphincter inner to the superior constrictor at the level of the hard palate.

It separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx by locking Passavant’s ridge during the second stage of swallowing, preventing food from entering the nose.

Greater palatine branch of maxillary artery.

The palatine vein or external palatine or paratonsillar vein.

Wisdom teeth.

Mucosa, submucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, muscular coat, and buccopharyngeal fascia.

Supplied by the posterior superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar, and the anterior superior alveolar nerves (maxillary nerve).

Enamel knot.

It is used for the ingestion of food and fluids.

To transmit air and food, and it is a common passage for both air and food.

Teeth, gums, and alveolar arches of the jaws.

The vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

Obstruction of the posterior nasal aperture, interference with nasal respiration and speech, leading to mouth breathing.

The palatine processes of the maxillae.

Mainly the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae, and partly the third and sixth vertebrae.

The tonsillar artery.

Irregular dentition with notched upper permanent incisors.

To form a passage for air and food (respiratory function).

Pharyngobasilar fascia or pharyngeal aponeurosis.

Formation of C-shaped dental lamina by the 6th week of development.