What is the clavicle commonly known as?
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Collarbone.
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What is the clavicle commonly known as?
Collarbone.
What is the spine of the scapula?
A triangular-shaped process that continues laterally as the acromion.
What structure bridges the scapular notch?
The superior transverse scapular ligament.
What is the areola?
A ring of pigmented skin around the nipple.
What is the styloid process associated with?
The distal end of the ulna.
What is the origin of the Deltoid muscle?
Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.
What is the primary action of the Supraspinatus muscle?
Abducts arm.
Where do clavicle fractures most commonly occur?
At the junction of its middle and lateral thirds.
What supports the breast structures?
Suspensory ligaments (of Cooper).
What is the ulnar tuberosity?
A roughened prominence distal to the coronoid process that provides an attachment site for the brachialis.
What is the primary function of the Rotator Cuff?
To stabilize the shoulder joint by keeping the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during movements.
What is the characteristic deformity associated with a Colles fracture?
Dinner (silver) fork deformity.
What is a reverse Colles fracture also known as?
Smith fracture.
Where do the central axillary lymph nodes lie?
Near the base of the axilla between the lateral thoracic and subscapular veins.
What is a common cause of clavicle fractures?
A fall on the shoulder or outstretched hand.
What does the trochlear notch receive?
The trochlea of the humerus.
What forms the Rotator Cuff?
The tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS).
What structures are transmitted through the Quadrangular Space?
The axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex vessels.
What is the function of the Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve?
Innervates the medial side of the forearm.
What does the trochlea articulate with?
The trochlear notch of the ulna.
What do the brachial (lateral) nodes receive lymph from?
The upper limb.
What is a common cause of a scaphoid fracture?
A fall on an outstretched hand.
Which nerves are associated with the C8–T1 spinal segments?
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve, Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve, Ulnar Nerve, and Median Nerve.
What is the dorsal venous network formed by?
It is formed by the dorsal metacarpal veins.
What is the role of the lateral epicondyle?
It provides the origin for the supinator and extensor muscles of the forearm.
What is the function of the olecranon?
It provides an attachment site for the triceps tendon.
What can happen due to calcification of the superior transverse scapular ligament?
It may trap or compress the suprascapular nerve.
What does the head of the ulna articulate with?
The articular disk of the distal radioulnar joint.
What is the primary function of the brachial plexus?
To provide nerve supply to the upper limb.
Which muscle is located medially in the Quadrangular Space?
Long head of the triceps.
Where does the median cubital vein lie in relation to the bicipital aponeurosis?
It lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis.
Where does the cephalic vein end?
In the axillary vein.
What is the insertion point of the Subscapularis muscle?
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
What bones does the clavicle articulate with?
The sternum and the acromion of the scapula.
Where is the coronoid process located?
Below the trochlear notch.
Which muscles are affected if the suprascapular nerve is compressed?
The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.
What muscles bound the Quadrangular Space superiorly?
Teres minor and subscapularis muscles.
What muscle bounds the Quadrangular Space inferiorly?
Teres major muscle.
What is the shape of the axilla?
Pyramid-shaped space between the upper thoracic wall and the arm.
What is the origin of the Coracobrachialis muscle?
Coracoid process.
What is the origin of the basilic vein?
Dorsal venous arch of the hand.
What action does the Teres major muscle perform?
Adducts and rotates arm medially.
What is the insertion point of the Flexor carpi ulnaris?
Pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal.
What are the boundaries of the axilla?
Medial wall: upper ribs and intercostal muscles; Lateral wall: intertubercular groove of the humerus; Posterior wall: subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi; Anterior wall: pectoralis major and minor; Base: axillary fascia and skin; Apex: interval between clavicle, first rib, and upper border of scapula.
What is the insertion point of the subclavius muscle?
Inferior surface of the clavicle.
Where does the Radial Collateral Ligament extend from and to?
From the lateral epicondyle to the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament of the radius.
What ligaments extend from the supraglenoid tubercle to the humerus?
Glenohumeral ligaments.
What surgical procedure involves the extensive removal of the breast and related structures?
Radical mastectomy.
What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament?
Holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove.
What is the difference between a radical mastectomy and a modified radical mastectomy?
Modified radical mastectomy preserves the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
What is the purpose of the bursae around the shoulder?
To provide lubrication between the rotator cuff and the coracoacromial arch during shoulder movement.
What is lumpectomy (tylectomy)?
Surgical excision of only the palpable mass in carcinoma of the breast.
Which artery branches off the subclavian artery and supplies the suprascapular region?
Suprascapular artery.
What does the spine of the scapula divide?
The posterior scapula into the upper supraspinous and lower infraspinous fossae.
What muscles originate from the coracoid process?
Coracobrachialis and short head of biceps brachii.
What type of muscle fibers are found in the nipple?
Smooth muscle fibers.
What is the clinical significance of the scapular notch?
It can lead to nerve compression affecting shoulder muscle functions.
Which nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the medial side of the arm?
Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Axillary nerve, Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve.
What action does the Flexor carpi radialis perform?
Flexes forearm, flexes and abducts hand.
What forms the floor of the axilla?
The axillary fascia and skin, attached to the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
What is the primary manifestation of a rotator cuff rupture?
Severe limitation of shoulder joint motion, chiefly abduction.
Which muscles' tendons are attached to the greater tuberosity?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.
What do the pectoral (anterior) nodes drain into?
The central nodes.
What nerve arises from the radial nerve and innervates the posterior sides of the arm?
Posterior Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
What is the anatomical location of the breast?
Extends from the second to sixth ribs and from the sternum to the midaxillary line.
Where does the radial tuberosity provide an attachment site?
For the biceps brachii tendon.
What structures are contained in the upper Triangular Space?
Circumflex scapular vessels.
Which muscle extends and abducts the hand?
Extensor carpi radialis longus.
What type of joint is the Proximal Radioulnar Joint?
A synovial pivot joint.
What is the action of the Extensor digitorum?
Extends fingers and hand.
What movements are allowed by the Distal Radioulnar Joint?
Pronation and supination.
What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast goes to the axillary nodes?
75%.
Which artery is responsible for the blood supply to the forearm?
Brachial artery.
What movements does the Midcarpal Joint allow?
Gliding and sliding movements.
What is the function of the heads of the metacarpals?
They form the knuckles of the fist.
What is the function of the thoracoacromial artery?
It supplies blood to the shoulder and upper chest.
What is the function of lactiferous ducts?
They open onto the tip of the nipple and serve as a passage for milk.
What movements does the sternoclavicular joint allow?
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and circumduction of the shoulder.
What type of ossification does the clavicle undergo?
Intramembranous ossification.
What is the acromion?
The lateral end of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.
What nerve is transmitted through the foramen created by the scapular notch?
The suprascapular nerve.
What arteries supply blood to the breast?
Medial mammary branches of the internal thoracic artery, lateral mammary branches of the lateral thoracic artery, pectoral branches of the thoracoacromial trunk, and lateral cutaneous branches of the posterior intercostal arteries.
What is a Colles fracture?
A distal radius fracture where the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly, creating a dinner fork deformity.
What does the median cubital vein connect?
It connects the cephalic vein to the basilic vein over the cubital fossa.
Which vein is often connected with the cephalic vein by the median cubital vein?
Basilic vein.
What is located laterally in the Quadrangular Space?
Surgical neck of the humerus.
What is the origin of the Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve?
It arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus.
What is the primary function of the pectoralis major muscle?
Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.
What is the source of blood supply to the upper limb?
Branches of the brachial artery and recurrent branches of the radial and ulnar arteries.
Which tendon is most frequently affected in rotator cuff injuries?
Supraspinatus tendon.
In which quadrant does breast cancer most commonly occur?
Upper lateral quadrant (approximately 60% of cases).
What lymphatic vessels accompany the basilic vein?
The medial group of lymphatic vessels.
What major structures are contained within the axilla?
Brachial plexus, axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, lymph nodes, and areolar tissue.
Where do the lateral group of lymphatic vessels drain?
They drain into the lateral axillary nodes and the deltopectoral node.
What forms the axillary vein at the lower border of the teres major muscle?
Basilic vein joining the brachial veins.
What is a Boxer's fracture?
A fracture of the necks of the second and third metacarpals, typically seen in unskilled boxers.
What is the location of the styloid process of the radius?
On the distal end of the radius, approximately 1 cm distal to that of the ulna.
What syndrome is caused by entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal?
Guyon canal syndrome.
What is the nerve supply for the Supinator?
Radial nerve.
What divides the arm into anterior and posterior compartments?
Medial and lateral intermuscular septa.
How are the carpal bones arranged?
In two rows of four: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform in the proximal row; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate in the distal row.
What movements does the elbow joint allow?
Flexion and extension.
What type of dislocation is most common in the shoulder joint?
Anteroinferior dislocation.
When does the clavicle complete its ossification?
Approximately 21 years of age.
Where does the nipple usually lie?
At the level of the fourth intercostal space.
What does the radial notch accommodate?
The head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint.
What nerve innervates the skin over the upper pectoral, deltoid, and outer trapezius areas?
Supraclavicular nerve (C3–C4).
What vein begins as a radial continuation of the dorsal venous network?
Cephalic vein.
What is the origin of the Pronator teres?
Medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna.
Which nerve innervates the Infraspinatus muscle?
Suprascapular nerve.
Which nerves innervate the upper limb?
Musculocutaneous, median, radial, and ulnar nerves.
Which nerve innervates the Palmaris longus?
Median nerve.
What is the action of the Biceps brachii?
Flexes arm and forearm, supinates forearm.
Where does the pectoralis minor muscle originate?
From the third, fourth, and fifth ribs.
What is the role of the Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve?
Innervates the lateral side of the forearm.
What is the role of the rotator cuff?
Keeps the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and stabilizes the shoulder joint.
What is the function of the Intercostobrachial Nerve?
It is the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve.
What is a Bennett fracture?
A fracture of the base of the metacarpal of the thumb.
What bones does the distal end of the radius articulate with?
The proximal row of carpal bones, including the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones.
What fascia envelops the subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles?
Clavipectoral fascia.
What does the intertubercular groove contain?
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.
What is the costocoracoid ligament?
A thickening of the clavipectoral fascia between the coracoid process and the first rib.
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
A rough triangular elevation on the lateral aspect of the midshaft marking the insertion of the deltoid muscle.
What type of joint is the Wrist (Radiocarpal) Joint?
A synovial condylar joint.
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
A synovial hinge joint.
What arteries supply blood to the shoulder joint?
Branches of the suprascapular, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries.
What is a common injury associated with a supracondylar fracture?
Injury to the median nerve.
What can result from a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?
Shoulder separation due to rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament.
What ligaments reinforce the acromioclavicular joint?
The coracoclavicular ligament, consisting of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.
Which nerve arises from the axillary nerve and innervates the lateral side of the arm?
Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve.
What is the risk associated with the brachial artery during intravenous injections?
The brachial artery is vulnerable to being punctured.
What commonly causes a fracture of the greater tuberosity?
Direct trauma or violent contractions of the supraspinatus muscle.
What does the axillary sheath enclose?
The axillary vessels and the brachial plexus.
What is a significant clinical sign of a scaphoid fracture?
Deep tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox.
What is the function of the Annular Ligament?
Encircles the head of the radius, holds it in position, and fuses with the radial collateral ligament and the articular capsule.
What can a scaphoid fracture damage that may lead to avascular necrosis?
The radial artery.
What is a common advanced sign of inflammatory breast cancer?
Peau d’orange (texture of an orange peel).
What tissues compose the breast?
Mammary gland tissue, fibrous and fatty tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves.
Where is the lesser tubercle located?
On the anterior medial side of the humerus, just distal to the anatomic neck.
What is the significance of the apical (medial or subclavicular) nodes?
They receive lymph from all other axillary nodes and drain into the subclavian trunks.
What is the role of the median cubital vein?
Connects the cephalic vein with the basilic vein in front of the elbow.
What is the main artery supplying the upper limb?
Subclavian artery.
What structure deepens the cavity of the shoulder joint?
The fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum.
What is the action of the Extensor pollicis longus?
Extends distal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand.
What artery is responsible for the blood supply to the deep palmar arch?
Radial artery.
What anatomical structure does the lymphatic drainage follow to enter the parasternal nodes?
Perforating vessels through the pectoralis major muscle and the thoracic wall.
How many phalanges are in each finger and thumb?
Three in each finger and two in the thumb.
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
A synovial plane joint.
What is a common example of referred pain related to the shoulder?
Gallbladder pain radiating to the right shoulder.
What are the common causes of rotator cuff rupture?
Chronic wear and tear or an acute fall on the outstretched arm.
What is the function of the olecranon fossa?
It houses the olecranon of the ulna on full extension of the forearm.
What is the location of the subscapular (posterior) nodes?
Along the subscapular vein.
Which nerve innervates the lateral side of the forearm?
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve.
Which nerve innervates the Triceps muscle?
Radial nerve.
What is the action of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?
Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints, flexes hand and forearm.
Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the arm?
Infraspinatus and Teres minor.
Which muscle is responsible for depressing the scapula and elevating the ribs?
Pectoralis minor.
What is the axillary vein formed by?
The union of the brachial veins and the basilic vein, receiving the cephalic vein.
What is the action of the serratus anterior muscle?
Rotates the scapula upward; abducts the scapula with the arm and elevates it above the horizontal.
What is the action of the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Adducts, extends, and rotates arm medially.
What lymphatic nodes does the lymphatic fluid from the lateral quadrants drain into?
Axillary nodes.
What artery supplies the deltoid muscle?
Deltoid (ascending) branch of profunda brachii artery.
What anatomical structures form the Guyon canal?
Pisiform, hook of the hamate, and pisohamate ligament.
Which nerves innervate the shoulder joint?
Axillary, suprascapular, and lateral pectoral nerves.
What are the two main branches of the radial artery?
Superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch.
What does the sentinel node biopsy procedure determine?
The extent of spread or stage of cancer.
What artery branches off the brachial artery and supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Posterior interosseous artery.
What is referred pain to the shoulder often associated with?
Involvement of the phrenic nerve or diaphragm.
Which artery is responsible for the blood supply to the pectoralis minor muscle?
Lateral thoracic artery.
What does the median antebrachial vein arise from?
It arises in the palmar venous network.
What does the radial fossa accommodate during full flexion of the elbow?
The head of the radius.
What is the origin of the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Spines of T7–T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9–12.
What accompanies a fracture of the lesser tuberosity?
Posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint.
Which nerve has a superficial branch and arises from the radial nerve?
Radial nerve superficial branch (C6–C8).
What is the consequence of a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
Injury to the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery.
What is the innervation of the Teres minor muscle?
Axillary nerve.
What type of joint is the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint?
A synovial ball-and-socket joint.
What forms the floor of the Triangle of Auscultation?
Rhomboid major muscle.
What are the main components that reinforce the shoulder joint's fibrous capsule?
Rotator cuff, glenohumeral ligaments, and coracohumeral ligaments.
What is the significance of the Cubital Fossa?
It contains important structures like the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, and median nerve.
Where does the subacromial bursa lie?
Between the coracoacromial arch and the supraspinatus muscle.
What is the retromammary space?
An area of loose areolar tissue that allows the breast some movement over the pectoralis major muscle.
What is the mnemonic for the contents of the Cubital Fossa?
R on B eats B ad M an.
Which artery provides collateral circulation around the elbow?
Superior ulnar collateral artery.
What type of joints are the Metacarpophalangeal Joints?
Condyloid joints.
What type of joints are the Interphalangeal Joints?
Hinge joints.
Which artery is involved in the blood supply to the dorsal aspect of the hand?
Dorsal metacarpal artery.
What is the insertion point of the Brachialis muscle?
Coronoid process of ulna and ulnar tuberosity.
What is the origin of the Brachioradialis?
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
What is the structure of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament?
Triangular, composed of anterior, posterior, and oblique bands.
What is the main artery supplying the upper limb?
Axillary artery.
What is the axillary tail?
A superolateral extension of the mammary gland, also known as the tail of Spence.
Which artery branches off from the subclavian artery?
Axillary artery.
What branches does the axillary artery have?
Superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, thoracodorsal, and circumflex humeral arteries.
What maintains the hollow of the armpit?
The suspensory ligament of the axilla.
What does the spiral groove contain?
The radial nerve.
What is the purpose of mammography?
To screen for benign and malignant tumors and cysts in the breast.
What type of joints are the Carpometacarpal Joints?
Synovial saddle (sellar) joints and plane joints.
What may happen if the medial epicondyle is fractured?
Damage to the ulnar nerve, causing numbness.
What is the function of the thoracoacromial artery?
Supplies blood to the shoulder and upper chest region.
What artery branches from the brachial artery and supplies the radial side of the forearm?
Radial recurrent artery.
Which nodes are primarily involved in draining lymph from the medial quadrants?
Parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes.
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
To deepen the glenoid cavity for the head of the humerus.
Which artery provides collateral circulation around the elbow?
Radial recurrent artery.
What is the mammary gland classified as?
A modified sweat gland located in the fatty superficial fascia.
What is the role of the profunda brachii artery?
It supplies blood to the posterior compartment of the arm.
Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Anterior interosseous artery.
Which artery is a branch of the subscapular artery?
Circumflex scapular artery.
