What is the Anterior Median Line also known as?
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Mid-Line.
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What is the Anterior Median Line also known as?
Mid-Line.
What are organelles?
Special structures within a cell, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
What does it mean to be in a prone position?
Lying down with face down.
What percentage of total body weight is made up of water?
60%.
Name three examples of organelles.
Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes.
What occurs during reduction?
The reactant gains electrons.
What does the root 'Pulmo-' mean?
It means lung.
What does Systemic Anatomy focus on?
The study of organ systems, like the cardiovascular system.
What are the basic structural and functional units of an organism?
Cells.
What is the arrangement of atoms in a solid?
Atoms are arranged in a fixed position with a definite shape and volume.
What is an element?
A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind, e.g., O2.
What are proteins made of?
Polymers of amino acids.
What are the main components of nucleic acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
What are lipids primarily used for in the human body?
Energy storage and cell membrane structure.
How do enzymes promote chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy required.
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons.
What occurs during oxidation?
The reactant loses electrons.
What is an example of oxidation?
Gain from oxygen or loss from hydrogen.
What is a characteristic of liquids regarding shape and volume?
Liquids have a constant volume but do not have a definite shape.
What does each pleural cavity contain?
A lung.
How does the kinetic energy of gases compare to solids and liquids?
Gases contain the highest amount of kinetic energy.
What is a reducing agent?
A reactant that gives electrons and oxidizes itself to reduce another.
How many organ systems do humans have?
11 organ systems.
What is the anatomical position?
Stands erect facing the observer, head level with eyes forward, feet flat and directed forward, hands at sides with palms facing forward.
What is the first level of organization in biological systems?
The Chemical Level.
Which elements do proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
Can elements be changed or broken down?
No, elements cannot be changed or broken down into simpler substances.
What is the primary goal of all body systems working together?
To maintain a stable internal environment.
How many types of tissues compose an organ?
Two or more types of tissues.
What are the nitrogen bases found in nucleotides?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
What is the function of adipose tissue?
It provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs.
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
What do groups of atoms, molecules, and organelles form?
Cells.
What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
What are atoms?
The smallest particles of an element that still retain the characteristics of that element.
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture that consists of two phases with different properties, such as suspensions and colloids.
What are lipids essential for in cells?
They are essential structural components that make up cell membranes.
What is the process called when small molecules assemble into larger molecules?
Synthesis of new molecules, known as anabolism.
What lines the pleural cavities?
A serous membrane.
What do amino acids link together to form?
Peptides.
What type of chemical reaction breaks a molecule into smaller fragments?
Decomposition reaction.
Name three organ systems in the human body.
Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System.
What is the fifth level of organization?
The Organ System Level.
What determines the variety of proteins?
The different sequences of amino acids.
Why are planes and sections important?
They are used to visualize internal organization and structure.
What is the meaning of 'posterior' or 'dorsal'?
The back surface.
What are the major anatomical regions of the trunk?
Thoracic region, Abdominal region, Pelvic region.
How do different isotopes of an element compare in terms of chemical properties?
They have similar chemical properties except for mass number.
What type of molecule is a lipid?
A hydrophobic organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What defines each element?
Each element includes all the atoms of the same number of protons, thus the same atomic number.
Which line runs vertically through the middle of the axilla?
Midaxillary Line.
What are the two layers of the pleura?
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two.
What is the function of pleural fluid?
To lubricate the space between the two layers of pleura.
What is the function of the Nervous System?
To control and communicate information throughout the body.
How does atomic weight relate to mass number?
It is very close to the mass number of the most common isotope of that element.
Why is water important for metabolic processes?
It provides an environment for metabolic processes to take place.
What does 'superior' or 'superficial' indicate?
At or near the body surface; upper level from the feet.
What are the two types of feedback systems involved in homeostasis?
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
What is contained in the pelvic cavity?
Reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder.
What is the relationship between the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
The abdominal cavity is the superior portion, while the pelvic cavity is the inferior portion.
What is formed when a group of atoms bond and work together?
Molecules.
What is the smallest and basic unit of matter?
Atom.
How can matter be classified?
Into pure substances and mixtures.
What anatomical regions are included in the head?
Skull and face.
What level of organization comes after the Chemical Level?
The Cellular Level.
What is the organ level in biological organization?
Groups of tissues working together.
What is the main energy source for most cellular processes?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
What role do lipids play in energy storage?
They serve as important energy reserves.
What are the types of chemical bonding?
Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond, Van der Waals force.
What is atomic weight?
An average of different atomic mass and proportion of its different isotopes.
How does water help maintain homeostasis in the body?
By regulating body temperature.
What is the highest level of organization?
The Organism Level.
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism, including catabolism and anabolism.
What does the lower portion of the mediastinum contain?
The pericardial cavity.
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Digestive organs.
What are the smallest chemical units of elements?
Atoms.
What is a physiological problem related to the heart?
Heart failure.
What is atmospheric pressure?
The force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air.
What are the origins of many medical terms?
Many medical terms come from Greek or Latin.
What does the prefix 'A-' or 'An-' signify in medical terminology?
It means 'no' or 'without' (e.g., Anaemia, Afebrile).
How many regions are formed by four perpendicular lines in the abdominopelvic region?
Nine regions.
Which tissue type provides support and structure?
Connective tissue.
What are the two layers of serous membranes?
Parietal layer and Visceral layer.
What does the root 'Cardio-' refer to?
It refers to the heart (e.g., Cardiogenic shock).
What do inorganic compounds primarily contain for their structure?
Positive and negative ions.
What is a Buffer Solution?
An aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and conjugate base or a weak base and conjugate acid.
What must be provided to start most biochemical reactions?
Activation energy.
Why is water considered an excellent solvent?
Because it can dissolve other materials (solutes).
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Glucose, glycogen, and starch.
What factors affect enzyme function?
Temperature and pH.
What is the chemical ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1 (C6H12O6).
What is an example of an organism?
A human.
What is a molecule?
A substance formed by two or more atoms of the same element sharing electrons, e.g., O2.
What is the term for the vertical line along the spine from the back view?
Posterior Median Line.
What is the function of a receptor in homeostasis?
Senses environmental changes and sends information to the control center.
How do cells stay alive and functional?
By controlling chemical reactions to provide energy and maintain metabolism.
What is a polysaccharide?
A type of carbohydrate that includes starch.
What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?
Towards the lower level of the body; deep from the surface.
What are the three components of a feedback system?
Receptor, Control Centre, and Effector.
What does intake and utilization refer to in living organisms?
The process of taking in and using energy and materials.
What is excretion?
The removal of waste by metabolic reactions.
At what levels can change in position and location occur?
At all levels of structural organization.
What does the prefix 'Bi-' indicate?
It indicates 'two' (e.g., Biventricular failure).
How does temperature affect metabolic reactions?
The degree of heat present partly determines the rate of these reactions.
What pH range indicates a basic or alkaline solution?
7 to 14.
What does homeostasis refer to?
The tendency toward internal balance.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain a different number of neutrons.
What is a Positive Feedback System?
A system where the effector produces a response that promotes the initial change.
What allows atoms to attach to each other?
Chemical bonds.
What do organic compounds primarily contain for their structure?
Carbon and hydrogen.
What are groups of related organs working together called?
Organ systems.
What is the third level of organization?
The Tissue Level.
What is a plane in anatomical terms?
A three-dimensional axis.
What do all systems of the body combine to form?
An organism.
What types of pentose sugars are found in nucleotides?
Deoxyribose and ribose.
What are enzymes made of?
Proteins.
What does the control center do in a homeostatic mechanism?
Sets the range of values that a controlled condition should be maintained and generates output commands to an effector if needed.
Why do most biochemical reactions occur slowly without enzymes?
Because they do not take place spontaneously and require activation energy.
What are carbohydrates primarily used for in the human body?
They provide a primary source of energy.
What are the classifications of lipids?
Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fats), phospholipids, and steroids.
What does responsiveness/regulation refer to in living organisms?
The ability to respond to changes in the environment, such as maintaining homeostasis.
What are the two types of regulation in response to environmental changes?
Autoregulation (Intrinsic) and Extrinsic regulation.
What does the dorsal body cavity include?
Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity.
What is the role of the effector in negative feedback?
To negate the stimulus.
What does extrinsic regulation involve?
Responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems.
What does 'distal' mean in anatomical directions?
Away from the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk.
What are all matters made up of?
Atoms in varying combinations.
What is ischemic heart disease?
A physiological problem where blood flow to the heart is reduced.
What does Gross Anatomy study?
The structure of the body without using a microscope.
Which organ is located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
Spleen.
What organ is found in the hypogastric region?
Urinary bladder.
Where are electrons located in an atom?
Surrounding the nucleus.
How does the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) affect pH?
More H+ ions mean lower pH, fewer H+ ions mean higher pH.
What is the purpose of feedback systems in physiology?
To allow constant readjustment of physiological variables.
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture with the same properties throughout.
What is the key difference between isotopes of the same element?
The number of neutrons in their nuclei.
What is the term for the line located at the front of the armpit?
Anterior Axillary Line.
Why are moderate pH changes important in the human body?
To maintain constant pH conditions.
What is the role of the effector in a homeostatic mechanism?
Produces a response that responds to the commands of the control center.
What are the three buffer mechanisms in the body?
Body fluid buffer, respiratory buffer, and renal buffer.
What is the decomposition reaction of molecules within the human body called?
Catabolism.
What type of carbohydrate is glucose?
Monosaccharide (simple sugar).
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
A process that maintains a stable internal environment in an organism.
What are examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Which radiological techniques utilize planes and sections?
MRI, CT, and PET.
What organ system is involved in transporting blood and nutrients?
Cardiovascular System.
Where is water necessary in the body?
In thoracic and abdominal cavities, and joints.
What is the role of a proton (H+) in relation to acids?
It acts as a proton donor.
What is the tissue level in biology?
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function.
How many quadrants are formed by the two perpendicular lines in the abdominopelvic region?
Four quadrants.
What are the names of the four quadrants in the abdominopelvic region?
Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ).
What type of tissue is responsible for movement?
Muscle tissue.
What are serous membranes?
Membranes that line body cavities and cover organs.
What is endocarditis?
An infection of the inner lining of the heart.
What is Regional Anatomy?
The study of body areas, such as the head.
What is the hierarchy of structural relationship?
It refers to the organization of structures from simple to complex.
What characterizes a Negative Feedback System?
The response reverses a change in stimulus.
What does it mean to be in a supine position?
Lying down with face up.
What does the thoracic cavity consist of?
Two pleural cavities (left and right) separated by the mediastinum.
What anatomical line runs vertically along the midclavicular area?
Midclavicular Lines.
What is the cervical region?
The anatomical region of the neck.
What is superficial anatomy concerned with?
Locating structures on or near the body surface.
What is the primary function of a Buffer?
To maintain a stable pH when a small amount of strong acid or base is added.
Give examples of organic compounds.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.
What are the building blocks of ATP?
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
What is an oxidizing agent?
A reactant that accepts electrons and reduces itself to oxidize another.
What is the name of the line located at the back of the armpit?
Posterior Axillary Line.
What is the most important chemical in all living systems?
Water.
What does the upper portion of the mediastinum contain?
Blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and the thymus.
What roles do proteins play in the body?
They are largely responsible for cell structure, including enzymes, antibodies, and hormones.
What is the main function of proteins in the human body?
Proteins are essential for structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs.
What type of responses can be generated by the body in response to a stimulus?
Responses can include actions like sweating or other regulatory mechanisms.
Are chemical reactions reversible?
Yes, chemical reactions are reversible.
Can you name three examples of chemical elements?
Hydrogen, Carbon, Chloride.
What is an example of an anatomical problem?
Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart).
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure a liquid exerts due to the weight of water above it.
What is blood pressure?
The pressure that results from heart action forcing blood through blood vessels.
What pH range indicates an acidic solution?
0 to <7.
What does a positive feedback mechanism do?
It promotes the original process to continue the pathway or increase its activity.
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons.
What is a myocardial infarction?
A heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.
What does the appendicular region include?
Upper limbs (arm, forearm, wrist, hands, fingers) and lower limbs (thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes).
How does the kinetic energy of solids compare to liquids?
Solids have less kinetic energy than liquids.
Give examples of inorganic compounds.
Water, acids, bases, salts.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
They serve as the most important fuel or energy source.
What is a characteristic of organs?
They usually have a recognizable shape.
What allows gas molecules to move freely?
The lack of a definite shape or volume.
What is a section in anatomical terms?
A slice parallel to a plane.
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to in the context of homeostasis?
Internal conditions fluctuate within a limited range.
What do organs have that defines their role?
Specific functions.
What is required for water to change from liquid to gas?
A large amount of heat.
What is a stimulus in the context of homeostasis?
Any disruption or change in a controlled condition or environment, such as a change in temperature or pH.
What are nucleic acids, and which types are found in the human body?
Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are essential for genetic information and protein synthesis.
How does negative feedback work in homeostasis?
It counteracts changes by initiating responses that restore the system to its set point.
Can you give an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
The regulation of body temperature.
What are the components of the thoracic cavity?
Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, and Pericardial cavity.
What does the abdominalpelvic cavity consist of?
Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity.
What do nutrients provide to the body?
Necessary chemicals in addition to water.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.
What type of tissue stores fat?
Adipose tissue.
What does the suffix '-otomy' mean?
It means incision (e.g., Craniotomy).
What does the suffix '-ostomy' indicate?
It indicates creating an opening or hole (e.g., Colostomy).
What does Systemic Physiology examine?
The study of system function, like the cardiovascular system.
What can happen to electrons when atoms form chemical bonds?
Electrons can be gained, shared, or lost.
How does water participate in chemical reactions?
It serves as an ideal medium for chemical reactions.
What level follows the Tissue Level?
The Organ Level.
What property of water helps moderate environmental temperature changes?
It absorbs and releases heat very slowly.
How do lipids assist with vitamins?
They act as a medium for essential vitamins dissolved in them.
What is an example of a reducing agent?
H2.
What type of reaction involves shuffling parts of reacting molecules to produce new products?
Exchange reactions.
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
It consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
What organs are contained in the retroperitoneal space?
Pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract.
What role does water play as a lubricant?
It is a major part of saliva, mucus, and other lubricating fluids.
What is the smallest unit that can be alive?
The cell.
What is differentiation in the context of cells?
The process by which a cell becomes specialized in structure and function from its precursor cell.
What are the two main ways the abdominopelvic region is divided?
By quadrants and by regions.
What does 'proximal' indicate?
Toward the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk.
What is the role of a negative feedback mechanism?
It slows down or terminates the stimulus to bring the body back into homeostasis.
What are the essential functions of body cavities?
Protect organs from shocks and permit changes in size and shape of internal organs.
What is pericardial effusion?
A physiological problem involving fluid accumulation around the heart.
What is the structure of DNA?
A long double helix chain of nucleotides.
Why must body fluids contain balanced quantities of acids and bases?
To ensure homeostasis.
What does DNA form inside each human cell?
The inherited genetic material.
What is a gene?
A segment of a DNA molecule.
What is the structure of RNA?
A single strand of nucleotides.
What is Organ Physiology?
The study of organ function, such as heart function.
What is the role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the body?
ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity.
What is catabolism?
Chemical reactions that break down complex substances into simpler molecules.
What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
To transfer energy to power cellular activities.
What does 'anterior' or 'ventral' refer to in anatomical directions?
The front surface or the belly side.
What does the visceral peritoneum cover?
The organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.
Why is homeostasis essential?
It is essential to survival.
What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two phosphate groups.
What are the three subatomic particles that compose an atom?
Proton, electron, and neutron.
What are the two types of fluids that water constitutes in the body?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
What organ system is responsible for gas exchange?
Respiratory System.
What is alkalosis?
A process where blood pH becomes more alkaline (Blood pH > 7.45).
What is acidosis?
A process that increases acidity in the blood and other body tissues (Blood pH < 7.35).
Name three types of tissues.
Blood, bone, and epithelial tissue.
What happens to the normal range in a negative feedback mechanism?
The normal range is achieved.
What are the two basic parts of an atom?
Nucleus and electrons.
What is Surface Anatomy?
The study of exterior features, such as surface markings.
What is complementary base pairing in DNA?
A pairs with T, and G pairs with C.
What does the suffix '-itis' refer to?
It refers to inflammation (e.g., Gastritis).
What is a covalent bond?
Atoms bond by sharing electrons.
What are the types of peptides based on the number of amino acids?
Dipeptide, tripeptide, and polypeptide.
What does the parietal peritoneum do?
Lines the internal body wall.
What is anabolism?
Chemical reactions that build up simple molecules into complex substances.
In which processes is ATP used?
Muscle contraction, synthesis of DNA and RNA, movement of structures within cells, and transport of substances across cell membranes.
What is an example of an oxidizing agent?
CuO or Fe3O4.
What role do feedback systems play in homeostasis?
They help regulate physiological processes by providing information about changes in the internal environment.
How does water help regulate temperature in organisms?
It helps maintain a stable internal temperature.
What does a base dissociate into when dissolved in water?
Hydroxide ions (OH-).
What does 'lateral' refer to?
Away from the midline.
What does 'medial' mean?
Toward the midline.
How many types of tissues are there?
8 types.
What does the pH scale range from?
0 to 14.
What do 'left' and 'right' refer to in anatomy?
The sides of the body as viewed from the anatomical position.
What does the prefix 'Tri-' signify?
It signifies 'three' (e.g., Triceps).
What are the bases found in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
What is the normal blood pH range?
7.35 to 7.45.
What is a compound?
A substance formed by two or more different elements, e.g., H2O.
Which organ system is responsible for hormone production?
Endocrine System.
What type of feedback increases the change of the stimulus?
Positive Feedback.
What are the two main divisions of body cavities?
Dorsal body cavity and Ventral body cavity.
What is an example of a receptor in the human body?
Nerve endings in the skin, ear, and eye.
What structures are found in the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic cavity and Abdominalpelvic cavity.
What is positive feedback in the context of homeostasis?
A process that amplifies changes, moving the system away from its set point.
Can you provide an example of positive feedback?
The process of childbirth, where contractions increase until delivery.
What is Cell Physiology?
The study of cellular function and processes within and between cells.
Which organ is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
Liver.
Which tissue type is involved in transmitting signals?
Nervous tissue.
What does the visceral layer do?
Covers the organ.
What are the bases found in RNA?
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
What is the function of RNA?
Relays instructions from the genes to transcript amino acids.
What does the suffix '-megaly' mean?
It means enlargement (e.g., Cardiomegaly).
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
What forms an ionic compound?
The attraction between the opposite charges of cations and anions.
What anatomical line corresponds to the position of the scapula?
Scapular Line.
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
Chemical bond changes occur as atoms rearrange to form different substances.
Which organ system helps in the removal of waste from the body?
Urinary System.
What role does oxygen play in organisms?
It is used to release energy from food substances.
Which organ system is involved in reproduction?
Reproductive System.
What is one reason for studying Anatomy and Physiology?
To discover the unity and patterns that underlie diversity in life.
What is a goal of studying Anatomy and Physiology?
To identify problems when the body gets sick.
What is the neutral pH value?
What is the charge of protons?
What does the root 'Nephro-' refer to?
It refers to the kidney.
What type of tissue is cartilage?
A type of connective tissue.
What does the root 'Neuro-' signify?
It signifies nerve.
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
The study of structure using magnification with a microscope.
What are the names of the nine regions in the abdominopelvic area?
Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right hypochondriac, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right lumbar, Hypogastric, Left inguinal, Right inguinal.
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism on homeostasis?
It moves the body away from homeostasis and the normal range is lost.
What does the parietal layer do?
Lines the cavity.
What is the charge of neutrons?
Neutral - no charge.
What does the root 'Osteo-' refer to?
It refers to bone.
What does the suffix '-ectomy' signify?
It signifies removal (e.g., Thyroidectomy).
What type of tissue forms the protective outer layer of organs?
Epithelial tissue.
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weak forces that act between adjacent molecules.
Which organ is associated with the large intestine?
Appendix.
What is Clinical Anatomy?
The study of medical specialties, including surgical anatomy.
What does Developmental Anatomy encompass?
The study of anatomical changes from conception to death, including embryology.
What does RNA stand for?
Ribose Nucleic Acid.
What does Histology study?
The study of tissues and their structures.
What is Pathological Physiology?
The study of physiology and its effects in certain diseases, such as heart failure.
How do electrons compare in mass to protons?
Electrons are much lighter than protons.
What is Cytology?
The study of cells and their structures.
What distinguishes a single covalent bond from a double covalent bond?
A single covalent bond shares one pair of electrons, while a double covalent bond shares two pairs.
What primarily determines the mass of an atom?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond and the slight negative charge of another polar covalent bond.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.
What happens to atoms during ionic bonding?
Atoms gain or lose electrons, becoming charged ions.
What is the nature of the attractive force generated by random disturbances in electron clouds?
It is a weak and brief attractive force.
What does anatomy study?
The internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships among other body parts.
What factors are considered in understanding structures?
What they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures.
What does the study of physiology include?
Individual and cooperative functions of anatomical structures.
What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function state?
Structure determines function.
What does physiology study?
The functions of the body.
What are some fields related to physiology?
Biochemistry and Genetics.
What is an example of a physiological function?
The pumping of the heart.
What is an example of an anatomical structure?
The structure of the heart.
