What are the normal degrees of lumbar flexion?
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What are the normal degrees of lumbar flexion?
Which type of motion testing is performed first?
Passive motion testing.
What is the order of examination for motion testing?
Regional Range of motion testing (first active then passive).
What are the normal degrees of lateral flexion for the lumbar spine?
25 - 30 degrees.
What are the normal degrees of sidebending motion for T9-12 vertebrae?
20-40 degrees.
What is the normal range of motion for cervical rotation?
70 - 90 degrees.
What is the angle that is about 1/2 of 45 degrees?
About 22.5 degrees.
What is the anatomical landmark for the T3 vertebra?
Spine of Scapula.
Which vertebra is the last to glide forward in extension during cervical region screening?
C7 (vertebra prominens).
What does passive motion testing allow you to interpret?
The 'end-feel'.
What are the anatomical landmarks for screening the thoracic region from T1 to T8?
Motion to T9.
Why should Patient Active Motion Testing precede passive motion testing?
Patients will typically stop or resist further movement before exacerbating their symptoms and/or condition.
What does Spinal Regional Range of Motion assess?
A group of segments that make up a specific region of the spine.
What are the reasons for performing motion testing?
To identify mechanical problems, locate the problem area, measure post-treatment changes, and assess somatic dysfunction and related pain.
What action does the erector spinae group perform on the vertebral column?
Extension and sidebending.
What is the angle that is about 1/3 less than 30 degrees?
22 degrees.
What are the anatomical landmarks for screening the thoracic region from T1 to T3?
Motion to T4.
What structures resist lumbar flexion?
Supraspinous ligament, Interspinous ligament, Ligamentum Flavum, Capsular ligaments, Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, Annulus Fibrosis/Intervertebral disc.
What are the memorized degrees of motion for 'eyeballing'?
30, 45, 60, 90 degrees.
What allows more rotation in the T12 - L1 region when ribs are not intact?
Coronal facets.
What is the difference between active and passive range of motion (ROM) testing?
Active ROM testing is performed by the individual themselves, while passive ROM testing is performed by an external force or examiner.
What is the focus of the scanning stage in multistage exams for somatic dysfunction?
Scanning of regions identified by screening.
What structure prevents hyperflexion in the lumbar spine?
Ligamentum Flavum.
What is Active Motion Testing?
Motion performed by the patient and observed by the physician.
What type of movement do facets permit the most in the cervical region?
Flexion and Extension (Except AA).
What actions does the sternocleidomastoid muscle perform in the cervical region?
Unilateral: ipsilateral sidebending, contralateral rotation; Bilateral: flexion.
Which muscle is involved in hip flexion and lateral rotation (femur) affecting the lumbar region?
Iliopsoas.
What are the normal degrees of rotation in the thoracic spine for active and passive testing?
30 - 45 degrees to the right or left.
What are the characteristics looked for during side-to-side range of motion testing?
Symmetry, smoothness, and any limitations or pain during movement.
What are the anatomical landmarks for screening the thoracic region from T1 to T12?
Motion to L1.
What does motion testing help identify in terms of mechanical problems?
It helps identify functional (muscle 'spasm,' articular dysfunction) and pathological (fracture, arthritis, metastasis) issues.
What is translatory motion?
Motion along the axis.
What is the freest motion in the lumbar region?
Flexion and Extension.
Where does flexion stop in the cervical region?
Just beyond straightening.
Where is the T12 vertebra located in relation to the body?
Halfway between T7 and L5; narrow spinous process.
What are the normal degrees of regional range of motion for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines?
Cervical: Flexion 45-90°, Extension 45-90°, Lateral Flexion 45°, Rotation 60-80°. Thoracic: Flexion 20-45°, Extension 20-40°, Lateral Flexion 20-40°, Rotation 35-50°. Lumbar: Flexion 50-60°, Extension 20-35°, Lateral Flexion 15-20°, Rotation 3-18°.
What are the normal degrees of side-bending in the lumbar spine for active and passive testing?
25 - 30 degrees to the right or left.
What are the normal degrees of flexion for the lumbar spine?
30 - 45 degrees.
What is the normal range of motion for extension in the lumbar spine?
70 - 90 degrees.
What is the definition of Somatic Dysfunction?
Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic system including skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and related vascular, lymphatic, and neural elements.
When should passive tests not be performed?
Before further evaluation (i.e. imaging).
What happens to the C7 vertebra during cervical extension?
It glides forward while T1 doesn't.
What is the relationship described by the 'Rule of 3s' in the thoracic spine?
The relationship of the spinous processes to the transverse processes.
What is monitored below the last segment to be evaluated during cervical region screening?
SPs (spines) or TPs (transverse processes) or IS (interspace).
What are the normal degrees of flexion in the cervical spine for active and passive testing?
45 - 90 degrees.
Which plane divides the body into symmetrical mirror images?
Sagittal plane.
What is the first step in motion testing?
Active motion testing.
What is Patient Active Motion Testing?
Motion performed by the patient and observed by the physician.
What is the normal range of rotation for T9 - T12?
30 - 45 degrees.
What is the angle that is about 1/3 between 45 and 90 degrees?
60 degrees.
Which muscle is responsible for extension when the scapulae are stable in the cervical region?
Trapezius.
Which type of testing produces greater regional range?
Passive Motion Testing.
What does the Hip Drop Test cause in terms of lumbar Spinal Dysfunction (SD)?
Causes lumbar Side Bending (SB) to the contralateral side.
Why is motion testing necessary as a diagnostic tool?
To assess joint function, identify limitations, and diagnose musculoskeletal conditions.
What are the normal degrees of side-bending in the thoracic spine for active and passive testing at T9 - T12?
20 - 40 degrees to the right or left.
What is the purpose of the screening stage in multistage exams for somatic dysfunction?
To gather general impressions of the entire person.
What type of motion occurs in the coronal plane around the anteroposterior axis?
Sidebending right or left, denoted as S R or S L.
What type of motion occurs in the transverse plane around the vertical axis?
Rotation right or left, represented as R R or R L.
What causes motion in Active Motion Testing?
Patient's muscle actions.
What may be added at the end of active motion in Passive Motion Testing?
Additional passive motion.
Where is the T4 vertebra located in relation to the body?
Anterior to the nipple line.
Where is the L1 vertebra located in relation to the body?
One below T12; wide spinous process.
What is the difference between active and passive motion testing?
Active motion testing is performed by the patient, while passive motion testing is performed by the examiner.
Which muscles can affect regional range of motion in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines?
Examples include the erector spinae, multifidus, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
What is the second step in motion testing?
Passive motion testing.
What are the characteristics looked for during Spinal Regional Range of Motion testing?
Motion Quality vs. Quantity, Active vs. Passive motion.
What type of range of motion testing is being described?
Active ROM.
What does TART stand for in the diagnosis of somatic dysfunction?
Tenderness (or Sensitivity), Asymmetry, Restricted Motion (or ROM), Tissue Texture Change.
What causes motion in Passive Motion Testing?
Physician's force.
What causes sacral base declination on the ipsilateral side during the Hip Drop Test?
Quickly bending one knee.
According to the JAOA 10/2018 study, what did it show about the 'Rule of 3s'?
It showed that the rule is not accurate anatomically.
What are the characteristics looked for during motion testing?
Pain, stiffness, smoothness, and limitations in movement.
What are the normal degrees of flexion in the lumbar spine for active and passive testing?
70 - 90 degrees.
What landmark identifies T3?
Vertebra prominens.
What are some general hints to enhance performance in motion testing?
Dominant eye in optimal position, eye midline between structures, eye at height being evaluated, know anatomical landmarks, find hand position that best fits you, keep patient relaxed and balanced, compare findings side-to-side, know basic angles.
What is the normal range of motion for cervical flexion?
45 - 90 degrees.
What limits flexion in the thoracic region?
Ribs.
How does motion testing help in categorizing somatic dysfunction and related pain?
It is the most objective assessment tool and helps name somatic dysfunction based on the direction of free and restricted motion (TART - Asymmetry and Restriction of motion).
What is the anatomical landmark for the C7 vertebra?
Vertebra prominens.
Who first proposed the 'Rule of 3s'?
Dr. F. Mitchell in 1979.
What is the anatomical landmark for the T7 vertebra?
Inferior angle of Scapula.
What is spinal regional range of motion?
The range of motion that can be achieved in specific regions of the spine.
What are the normal degrees of side-bending in the thoracic spine for active and passive testing at T5 - T8?
10 - 30 degrees to the right or left.
What does the hip drop test assess in the lumbar region?
Active motion.
What does Spinal Regional Range of Motion evaluate?
Patient's ability to move through various planes and axes of motion.
What are the normal degrees of sidebending motion for T5-8 vertebrae?
10-30 degrees.
What is the normal range of motion for cervical sidebending?
30 - 45 degrees.
What action does the semispinalis thoracis perform on the vertebral column?
Extension and rotation to the opposite side.
What action does the splenius capitis muscle perform in the cervical region?
Extension and rotation.
Which muscle affects lumbar motion by extension, lateral flexion, and rotation?
Erector spinae group (medial - lateral Semispinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis).
Where is T1 located in relation to C7 during cervical region screening?
Below C7; 2 up from T3.
What are the normal degrees of extension in the lumbar spine for active and passive testing?
30 - 45 degrees.
What type of motion occurs in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis?
Forward & backward bending, known as flexion (F) & extension (E).
What is involved in the local examination stage of multistage exams for somatic dysfunction?
Specific tissue characteristics, particularly through palpation.
What structure resists lumbar extension?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament, Spinous processes (bony impingement).
What is Passive Motion Testing?
Motion performed by the physician on a relaxed patient.
What is the influence of the shape of facets in the cervical region?
It leads to sidebending and rotation movement always in the same direction.
What is the behavior of the spinous processes in the T4 - T6 region according to the 'Rule of 3s'?
½ step below transverse processes.
How is the 'Rule of 3s' still utilized by many osteopathic schools?
As a guide for identifying thoracic vertebrae.
What are the normal degrees of side-bending in the thoracic spine for active and passive testing at T1 - T4?
5 - 25 degrees to the right or left.
What are the normal degrees of sidebending motion for T1-4 vertebrae?
5-25 degrees.
What is the normal range of motion for cervical extension?
45 - 90 degrees.
What should a severe limitation in active motion alert the physician to?
More serious pathology.
What action do the rotatores muscles perform?
Stabilize posture.
What is the purpose of the Hip Drop Test?
To screen Range of Motion (ROM) and scan Lumbar Spinal Dysfunction (SD).
Where does extension stop in the cervical region?
At joint override.
What are the normal degrees of rotation in the cervical spine for active and passive testing?
70 - 90 degrees to the right or left.
What is the controversy regarding motion availability in the T12 - L1 region with ribs intact?
Controversy about whether rotation or sidebending is most available.
Is sidebending possible when performing rotation in the T9 - T12 region?
No, sidebending is not possible when performing rotation.
Which muscle affects lumbar motion by flexion?
Rectus Abdominus.
Which muscle is responsible for unilateral lateral flexion of the vertebral column in the lumbar region?
Quadratus lumborum.
What should be observed during the Hip Drop Test?
The smoothness of the lumbar curve.
What are the normal degrees of side-bending in the cervical spine for active and passive testing?
30 - 45 degrees to the right or left.
In which directions is there limited motion in the cervical region?
Side Bending and Rotation (Except AA).
What is the first cervical spinous process palpated during screening of the cervical region?
C2.
What is considered as normal Side Bending (SB) in the Hip Drop Test?
25 - 30 degrees.
How does motion occur through the various planes and axes of the body?
Motion occurs through sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes and around the sagittal, frontal, and vertical axes.
What are the actions of the semispinalis capitis muscle in the cervical region?
Unilateral: contralateral rotation; Bilateral: extension.
What is the result of sacral base declination on the ipsilateral side during the Hip Drop Test?
Pelvic compensatory translation to the contralateral side.
What is the recommended alternative to the 'Rule of 3s'?
Geelhoed’s rule - transverse processes of thoracic spine in line with spinous process one level above.
What are the normal degrees of extension in the cervical spine for active and passive testing?
45 - 90 degrees.
When is a local exam warranted during the Hip Drop Test?
At site(s) where the curve is not smooth.
