Trichomoniasis.
Blood and tissue.
Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis, Munsaka.
Worldwide, affecting all social groups.
Blood and tissue.
Organisms with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
The life cycle involves two stages: a cyst stage and a trophozoite stage. Infection occurs when a person ingests the cyst form of the parasite.
Abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, anorexia, nausea, and weight loss.
The urogenital tract.
Presence of cysts and trophozoites.
They adhere to enterocytes using their adhesive disk, disrupting the mucosal barrier, causing villus blunting (atrophy), nutrient loss, diarrhea, and malnutrition.
Diarrhoea, also known as Giardiasis, lambliasis, or 'Traveller’s disease'.
Sexually and vertically (rare).
It is linked to inflammatory response and alterations in the cervical epithelium.
Proper disposal of waste and fecal matter, practice of personal hygiene, prevention of food contamination, boiling and filtration of water.
In the vagina and urethra.
Susceptibility to other STIs, including HIV, and an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Loose, bulky, frothy, and/or greasy with the absence of blood or mucus.
Good personal hygiene, proper disposal of faeces, water purification, and treating Giardiasis patients properly.
Vaginal discharge (often frothy yellow-green & malodorous), vaginitis, cervicitis, vaginal itching, dyspareunia, and asymptomatic carriers.
Inflammation of the glans or the head of the penis.
Chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
Antibodies & antigens.
Malabsorption and steatorrhea (excessive loss of fat in the feces).
Lumen of the small intestine.
Urethritis, Epididymitis, Prostatitis, Discharge, Burning after ejaculation or urination.
Urethral swab and urine.
15 - 48 hours.
No, it does not have a cyst stage.
3 species.
T. vaginalis.
Pain and discomfort.
Stool sample, duodenal contents by aspiration, upper small intestinal biopsies.
Fecal-oral: ingestion of cysts in contaminated water & food, oral-anal sex, and animal reservoir.
Small intestine, including the duodenum and upper jejunum.
In tropical and developing countries, as well as areas with low sanitation.
Having multiple sexual partners.
Prostatitis, epididymitis, urethritis, pain during sexual intercourse, and infertility issues.
In the urethra and prostate.
Frothy yellow-green and malodorous.
Special culture medium.
In the mouth/buccal cavity.
It is for motility.
Intestinal flagellates, Urogenital flagellates, Haemoflagellates.
Trophozoite stage.
It is cosmopolitan, prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
In the vagina and urethra.
It causes inflammation and micro abrasions/micro-ulceration.
Trophozoite (or vegetative form)
Two stages: trophozoite and cyst.
1 – 2 weeks, with reported cases of 1 – 75 days.
High vaginal swab (HVS) and urine.
Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Tinidazole (Tindamax).
Metronidazole (Flagyl®).
It adheres to the epithelial cells lining the urogenital tract.
Inflammation of the foreskin and glans.
PID stands for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, which is an infection of the female reproductive organs.
In the intestine.
Balanoposthitis and Balanitis.
Furazolidone (Furoxone®).
To detect a trophozoite.
They facilitate transmission to sexual partners.
Paramomycin (Humatin®).
Damage to the reproductive organs, including Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
1. Trophozoite (or vegetative form) 2. Cyst (or cystic form)
To detect the DNA or RNA of T. vaginalis.
Chlorination of water.
Iodination of water.
Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse).
Cyst (or cystic form)
