What disease is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Trichomoniasis.
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What disease is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trichomoniasis.
What is the habitat of Trypanosoma brucei?
Blood and tissue.
What are the synonyms for Giardia lamblia?
Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis, Munsaka.
What is the geographical distribution of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Worldwide, affecting all social groups.
Where is the habitat of Leishmania spp.?
Blood and tissue.
What are flagellates?
Organisms with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
What is the life cycle of Giardia lamblia?
The life cycle involves two stages: a cyst stage and a trophozoite stage. Infection occurs when a person ingests the cyst form of the parasite.
What are the clinical features of Giardiasis?
Abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, anorexia, nausea, and weight loss.
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis primarily affect?
The urogenital tract.
What is examined in stool microscopy?
Presence of cysts and trophozoites.
How do trophozoites of Giardia lamblia cause damage to the intestinal epithelium?
They adhere to enterocytes using their adhesive disk, disrupting the mucosal barrier, causing villus blunting (atrophy), nutrient loss, diarrhea, and malnutrition.
What disease is caused by Giardia lamblia?
Diarrhoea, also known as Giardiasis, lambliasis, or 'Traveller’s disease'.
What are the modes of transmission for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Sexually and vertically (rare).
How is chronic trichomoniasis infection linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer?
It is linked to inflammatory response and alterations in the cervical epithelium.
What is the recommended method for the prevention of giardiasis?
Proper disposal of waste and fecal matter, practice of personal hygiene, prevention of food contamination, boiling and filtration of water.
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis reside?
In the vagina and urethra.
What complications can untreated trichomoniasis lead to in women?
Susceptibility to other STIs, including HIV, and an increased risk of cervical cancer.
How are Giardia stools described?
Loose, bulky, frothy, and/or greasy with the absence of blood or mucus.
What are the measures for preventing Giardiasis?
Good personal hygiene, proper disposal of faeces, water purification, and treating Giardiasis patients properly.
What are the clinical presentations of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
Vaginal discharge (often frothy yellow-green & malodorous), vaginitis, cervicitis, vaginal itching, dyspareunia, and asymptomatic carriers.
What does Balanitis refer to?
Inflammation of the glans or the head of the penis.
What problems can PID cause?
Chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
What do serology tests detect in the lab diagnosis of T. vaginalis?
Antibodies & antigens.
What are the potential consequences of Giardiasis?
Malabsorption and steatorrhea (excessive loss of fat in the feces).
What is the habitat of Giardia lamblia?
Lumen of the small intestine.
What are the clinical presentations of Trichomonas vaginalis in males?
Urethritis, Epididymitis, Prostatitis, Discharge, Burning after ejaculation or urination.
What are the specimens used for lab diagnosis in males?
Urethral swab and urine.
How long can Trichomonas vaginalis survive outside the body?
15 - 48 hours.
Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a cyst stage?
No, it does not have a cyst stage.
How many species does the genus Trichomonas have that occur in humans?
3 species.
What is the pathogenic species of Trichomonas occurring in humans?
T. vaginalis.
What discomfort can sexual intercourse cause in untreated trichomoniasis?
Pain and discomfort.
What are the specimens used for lab diagnosis of giardiasis?
Stool sample, duodenal contents by aspiration, upper small intestinal biopsies.
What is the mode of transmission for the parasite?
Fecal-oral: ingestion of cysts in contaminated water & food, oral-anal sex, and animal reservoir.
Where does Giardia lamblia primarily inhabit?
Small intestine, including the duodenum and upper jejunum.
Where is Giardia lamblia prevalent?
In tropical and developing countries, as well as areas with low sanitation.
What is associated with a higher prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Having multiple sexual partners.
What are the complications of untreated trichomoniasis in men?
Prostatitis, epididymitis, urethritis, pain during sexual intercourse, and infertility issues.
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis mainly reside in males?
In the urethra and prostate.
What is the characteristic of the vaginal discharge in Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
Frothy yellow-green and malodorous.
What type of culture medium supports the growth of T. vaginalis in culture diagnosis?
Special culture medium.
Where does T. tenax, a non-pathogenic species of Trichomonas, occur in the human body?
In the mouth/buccal cavity.
What is the function of flagellum in flagellates?
It is for motility.
What are the three main categories of flagellates?
Intestinal flagellates, Urogenital flagellates, Haemoflagellates.
What is the infective form and replication stage of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trophozoite stage.
What is the geographical distribution of Giardia lamblia?
It is cosmopolitan, prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis mainly reside in females?
In the vagina and urethra.
What happens when T. vaginalis invades epithelial cells?
It causes inflammation and micro abrasions/micro-ulceration.
Which stage of Giardia lamblia is pathogenic and considered the diagnostic form?
Trophozoite (or vegetative form)
How many stages does Giardia lamblia have?
Two stages: trophozoite and cyst.
What is the range of the incubation period for the pathogenesis of the condition?
1 – 2 weeks, with reported cases of 1 – 75 days.
What specimens are used for lab diagnosis of Munsaka in females?
High vaginal swab (HVS) and urine.
What are the common medications used to treat Trichomoniasis?
Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Tinidazole (Tindamax).
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole (Flagyl®).
How does T. vaginalis interact with the urogenital tract?
It adheres to the epithelial cells lining the urogenital tract.
What does Balanoposthitis refer to?
Inflammation of the foreskin and glans.
What is PID?
PID stands for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, which is an infection of the female reproductive organs.
Where does T. hominis, a non-pathogenic species of Trichomonas, occur in the human body?
In the intestine.
What are the complications of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in males?
Balanoposthitis and Balanitis.
Which drug for giardiasis treatment is available in liquid formulation?
Furazolidone (Furoxone®).
What is the purpose of microscopy in the lab diagnosis of T. vaginalis?
To detect a trophozoite.
How do asymptomatic carriers of Trichomonas vaginalis contribute to transmission?
They facilitate transmission to sexual partners.
Which drug is recommended for the treatment of giardiasis during pregnancy?
Paramomycin (Humatin®).
What complications can untreated trichomoniasis lead to in women?
Damage to the reproductive organs, including Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
What are the two stages in which Giardia lamblia exists?
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in the lab diagnosis of T. vaginalis?
To detect the DNA or RNA of T. vaginalis.
What method of water treatment cannot kill Giardia cysts?
Chlorination of water.
What method of water treatment can kill Giardia cysts?
Iodination of water.
What symptom may females with Trichomonas vaginalis infection experience during sexual intercourse?
Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse).
Which stage of Giardia lamblia is the infective stage and also considered the diagnostic form?
Cyst (or cystic form)
