What is the process of crossing two plants to obtain progeny called?
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Hybridization.
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What is the process of crossing two plants to obtain progeny called?
Hybridization.
What are transgenic plants?
Plants that have a foreign gene incorporated into their genome to express a desirable trait.
What virus are some GMOs designed to resist?
Ringspot virus.
What is whole genome sequencing (WGS)?
The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.
What type of genetically modified crop is discussed in the example?
Disease-resistant banana.
What is the role of field studies in modern plant breeding?
They complement molecular methods to enhance breeding outcomes.
What trait can some progeny inherit from crossed plants?
Disease resistance trait.
What technology is used to create transgenic plants?
Recombinant DNA technology.
What is the purpose of crossing a high-yield peanut variety with a disease-resistant variety?
To combine high yield with disease resistance.
Which important plant is mentioned in relation to genome sequence data?
Maize.
What is a significant public barrier to the commercialization of GM crops?
Public perception and the need to educate the public regarding GM crops.
What human requirements are considered in crop domestication?
Taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices.
What happens to algal blooms after they decay?
They reduce oxygen levels in the water, making animal life impossible.
What do advances in genomics technologies facilitate in plant breeding?
Breeding for complex traits.
What is the primary focus of the article on soybean domestication?
The genetic aspects and processes involved in the domestication of soybean.
How long can the process of developing new crop varieties take?
Almost 25 years.
What does a capital letter, such as 'P', indicate?
It typically represents a dominant allele.
What is the goal of accelerating the breeding program for tomatoes?
To develop elite disease-resistant varieties more quickly.
Why do we need transgenic plants?
To prevent significant crop loss due to insects, diseases, and weeds.
What is the significance of the global map of GMO crops?
It shows the countries that grow and import GMO crops.
What is the effect of extreme drought stress on crops?
It is lethal.
Why do we need transgenic plants?
To feed a growing population competing for resources.
What issues do some GMOs resist related to appearance?
Blackspot, bruising, and browning.
What methods do modern plant breeders use?
Molecular methods including DNA sequencing and proteomics.
What environmental issue is caused by fertilizer runoff?
Dead zones and algal blooms.
What is one advantage of hybrid breeding?
Hybrids are often better than their parental plants.
Name a key technology used in genetic engineering for plant improvement.
CRISPR-Cas9.
What does proteomics study in the context of plant breeding?
The structure and function of proteins in plants.
What significant accomplishment is Norman Borlaug known for?
Development of lodging-resistant, high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties.
In which journal was the article on soybean domestication published?
Nature Genetics.
What is a downside of using synthetic chemicals in agriculture?
They are environmentally unfriendly.
What is the significance of soybean in agriculture?
Soybean is a major source of protein and oil, making it crucial for food and feed.
What are the key genetic factors involved in soybean domestication?
The article discusses specific genes and traits that contributed to the domestication process.
What is grafting in plant biotechnology?
A technique where tissues from one plant are inserted into another for growth.
Name a process that affects crop yield.
Water utilization efficiency.
What are the two main activities related to GMO crops depicted in the map?
Growing and importing.
Who is the message directed towards?
Plant scientists.
How long can the traditional breeding process take to develop new crop varieties?
Almost 25 years.
How has biotechnology impacted the time required to develop new crop varieties?
It has shortened the time to 7-10 years.
What factors reduce plant yields?
Heat and drought.
What conditions do plants need to grow well under stress?
Heat and drought.
What percentage of planted crops is typically lost?
30-40%.
What type of plants do we need for better crop yields?
Plants that grow well under stressful conditions.
Which gene from sweet pepper enhances resistance in banana?
Hrap gene.
What is GM cotton?
Cotton that has been genetically modified for traits like pest resistance.
What is the most important trait for the genetic improvement of crops?
Yield.
When was Norman Borlaug active in his contributions to plant breeding?
20th century.
Who proposed the pure line method in corn breeding?
G.H. Shull in 1909.
What type of plants do we need to grow under stressful conditions?
Plants that grow well even under stressful conditions.
How many plant species have genome sequence data available?
More than 20 plant species.
Where was dwarf wheat developed?
At CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).
What do advances in genetic technologies contribute to?
Plant improvement.
Who is known as the Father of Genetics?
Gregor J. Mendel.
What organism did Gregor J. Mendel use to discover the principles of heredity?
Garden peas.
What is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)?
A difference in one nucleotide that allows detection by DNA analysis.
What compound do some GMOs contain less of?
Asparagine.
From which plant is the resistance gene introduced into the banana?
Pepper.
What factors affect foreign gene expression in GM plants?
Factors include the plant species, the integration site of the gene, and the regulatory elements used.
Who is known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution'?
Norman Borlaug.
What is Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)?
A technique that uses molecular markers to select desirable traits in plants.
What is the first step in optimizing the expression of identified and cloned good genes?
Identifying and cloning the genes.
How many plant species have genome sequence data available?
More than 20 plant species.
What volume and issue of Nature Genetics discusses soybean domestication?
Volume 50, October 2018.
What is done after isolating the gene of interest?
Recombine it into recipient plant DNA.
What type of varieties were introduced during the green revolution?
Disease-resistant, semi-dwarf varieties.
What type of resources are potassium and phosphate considered?
Non-renewable, mined resources.
How does mild drought stress affect crop yields?
It reduces the rate of photosynthesis and growth.
What does a lowercase letter, such as 'p', indicate?
It typically represents a recessive allele.
How are transgenic plants produced?
Through a combination of molecular biology techniques to introduce recombinant genes and tissue culture to regenerate plantlets from transformed cells.
How does increasing global temperatures affect drought stress?
It compounds drought stress.
What is the purpose of nutritionally enhanced or biofortified crops?
To improve food quality and nutrition.
What is the primary benefit of advances in genetic technologies in plant improvement?
They enhance crop yield, resistance to pests, and adaptability to environmental conditions.
How long did it take to sequence the first plant genome?
10 years.
Is there a way to reduce the use of fertilizers?
Yes, there are methods to reduce fertilizer use.
What are some products derived from genetically modified microbes?
Human insulin and human growth hormone.
What are genome-wide association studies used for?
To identify genetic variants associated with traits in plants.
What is crop domestication?
The process of cultivating wild plants and selecting for desirable traits over generations.
How are differences in DNA sequences detected using RFLP?
By fragments of different lengths after digestion with specific restriction endonucleases.
What crop is specifically mentioned in the context of backcrossing?
Tomato.
What traditional method is used to introduce disease resistance in hybrids?
Introgression of a disease resistance gene.
What is one traditional method to introduce disease resistance in tomatoes?
Introgression of a disease resistance gene.
What is a barrier to commercialization related to intellectual property?
Proprietary protection through patents before commercialization.
Which agencies are involved in regulatory approval for GM crops in the US?
US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
What is generally believed about the genetic integrity of donor and recipient in tissue grafting?
They maintain their genetic integrity; the grafted tissues are joined but their genetic materials do not mix.
What is the impact of a 1 °C increase in temperature on crop yields in warm regions?
Crop yields can drop by approximately 3-5%.
What can plant grafting result in?
The exchange of genetic information.
What is the main goal of crop domestication?
To enhance the suitability of plants for human use.
What is a recombinant vaccine?
A vaccine produced using genetically modified microbes, such as the Hepatitis B vaccine.
What does RFLP stand for?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
What is the main focus for improving plant resilience?
Developing plants that grow well under stressful conditions.
What is one impact of genetic technologies on food security?
They enable the development of crops that can withstand climate change effects.
What must be done to grow more crops due to reduced yields?
More forestland must be cleared.
Why is gene copy number important in gene expression?
Higher copy numbers can enhance the overall expression of the gene.
What is the traditional method used to add a disease resistance gene to elite tomatoes?
Introgression.
What is an example of a below-ground yield-related trait?
Root structure.
What organism did Mendel use for his genetic experiments?
Pea plants.
What can speed up the breeding process for new crop varieties?
Advances in genetic technologies and techniques.
What is the main concern addressed to plant scientists?
The need for solutions to challenges in plant science.
What is the significance of the number 43 in the context?
It may refer to a specific issue or statistic relevant to plant science.
What does 'introgression' refer to in plant breeding?
The transfer of a gene from one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing.
What is hybrid breeding?
A process that crosses two different plants together to produce a new hybrid variety.
How can transgenic plants contribute to energy needs?
By facilitating the production of biofuels.
What disease is affecting banana plants in eastern Africa?
Banana bacterial wilt.
What is the email address of Dr. Peng Wang?
What is another name for hybrid vigor?
Heterosis.
What technology is used to create transgenic plants?
Recombinant DNA technology.
What do genome-wide association studies help with?
Matching genes to traits.
What is cluster analysis?
Grouping a set of objects such that those in the same group are more similar to one another than to other clusters.
What is genetic engineering in plants?
A process that involves altering the genetic makeup of plants to achieve desired traits.
What are markers in the context of MAS?
Segments of DNA located near the DNA of the desired gene.
What is the Green Revolution also known as?
The Third Agricultural Revolution.
What do genome-wide methods enable in phenotype analysis?
They allow identification of genes associated with complex traits like yield or water use efficiency.
What is the significance of transgenic plants?
Transgenic plants contain genes from other species, allowing for traits that are not naturally present.
What is Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)?
A technique that uses molecular markers to select desirable traits in plants.
What are Monsanto Roundup Ready crops resistant to?
Glyphosate (herbicide).
What is a hybrid?
A combination of the qualities of two different breeds, species, or genera through sexual reproduction.
What is crop domestication?
The process of artificially selecting plants to increase their suitability to human requirements.
What tool can help scientists select plant traits more easily and quickly?
Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS).
Who are the two key figures that paved the way for scientific plant breeding?
Mendel and Darwin.
What do advances in genetic technologies contribute to?
Plant improvement.
What years did Gregor Mendel live?
1809 - 1882.
What was the approximate cost to sequence the first plant genome?
Around US$100 million.
What is genetic engineering in plants?
A process that involves modifying the genetic makeup of plants to enhance desired traits.
What is a common method used to prevent crop loss?
Use of synthetic chemicals like insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides.
What does 'lodging' refer to in plant breeding?
Bending over of the stems near ground level, making harvest difficult and reducing yield.
What was the significant rice variety released in 1966?
IR8, also known as 'miracle rice'.
What is a consequence of removing trees for crop production?
It puts more CO2 into the atmosphere.
What advancements have been made in soybean biotechnology?
Biotechnology has led to improved traits such as pest resistance and higher yields.
What is a traditional method used to introduce a disease resistance gene?
Introgression.
What is the duration of traditional breeding for crops?
12 to 15 years.
What is the course code for Plant & Food Biotechnology?
BIOL4411.
What did Gregor J. Mendel discover?
The basic principles of heredity.
How many samples can be handled at one time in genotyping for this experiment?
384 samples.
What type of insect resistance is found in some GMOs?
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) resistance.
What is DNA sequencing used for in plant breeding?
To analyze genetic information for improving plant traits.
What is the process called that leads to reduced oxygen levels in water due to fertilizer runoff?
Eutrophication.
What is projected to be a significant issue by 2025?
Water scarcity.
What is the relationship between temperature increase and yield?
As temperature increases, yield decreases.
What years did Charles Darwin live?
1822 - 1884.
What are some factors affecting foreign gene expression?
Promoter strength, gene copy number, plant species, and environmental conditions.
What is genetic engineering in the context of breeding?
A method that allows the introduction of a single gene into a genome.
Why is introgression considered faster and easier than traditional methods?
Because it allows for identifying disease-resistant phenotypes using markers instead of infecting plants.
What are some above-ground yield-related traits?
Seed number, seed size, plant architecture, plant height.
Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
What role do environmental conditions play in gene expression?
Environmental factors like temperature and light can influence the expression levels of foreign genes.
What type of tomato is described as poor but disease resistant?
A poor tomato.
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism.
What are genome-wide association studies used for?
To identify genetic variants associated with traits in plants.
What are the applications of tissue grafting?
Applications range from plant breeding to animal organ transplantation.
What is a significant source of environmental pollution in agriculture?
Agricultural fertilizer use.
What advantage does SNP provide in the selection process?
It allows for the selection of disease-resistant plants at the seedling stage, reducing cost and time.
What led to a significant increase in corn yields?
The development of hybrid corn.
What is the result of introducing the resistance gene from pepper into banana plants?
The transgenic plants become resistant to the disease.
What are some natural traits that can protect plants?
Natural traits against insects, diseases, and weeds.
What organization is known for rice breeding that led to huge yield increases?
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute).
What is economic water scarcity?
Lack of water infrastructure or poor management of existing resources.
How does promoter strength influence foreign gene expression?
Stronger promoters can lead to higher levels of gene expression.
What was the impact of improved green revolution plants?
They led to dramatically increased crop yields.
What are the main nutrients that crops need from fertilizers?
Potassium, phosphate, nitrogen, and other nutrients.
What years did Norman Borlaug live?
1914 - 2009.
What analogy is used to describe the impact of IR8 on tropical rice?
It was to tropical rice what the Model T Ford was to automobiles.
What trait relates to how well a plant uses nitrogen?
Nitrogen utilization efficiency.
What technology allows for the introduction of a single gene into a genome?
Recombinant DNA technology (or GM).
How are transgenic plants produced?
Through methods such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or gene gun technology.
Is the hybrid mentioned elite and disease-resistant?
No, half of its genes are from the poor tomato.
How can you differentiate between progeny that inherit the disease resistance trait and those that do not?
By observing their resistance to disease.
What type of data is available for many important plants, including maize?
Genome sequence data.
What type of crops are needed to address water scarcity?
Drought-tolerant crops.
Who is the assistant professor for the Plant & Food Biotechnology course?
Dr. Peng Wang.
Why do we still need GM technology if molecular breeding speeds up the breeding process?
GM technology allows for precise gene editing and the introduction of traits that may not be achievable through traditional breeding.
Which university offers the Plant & Food Biotechnology course?
The University of Hong Kong.
What must be cleared to grow more crops?
More forestland.
How do genetic technologies help in developing drought-resistant crops?
By identifying and modifying genes associated with drought tolerance.
What tools have been developed for many species in molecular breeding?
Mapping tools.
What is an example of a traditional method used in backcrossing?
Introgression of a disease resistance gene.
What is detected by RFLP?
Differences in homologous DNA sequences.
What is the significance of cows being fed GM corn?
It can affect the quality of milk and meat produced.
How does genetic engineering compare to conventional breeding?
It can be faster than conventional breeding.
What is the role of markers in the introgression process?
Markers help identify progenies that carry the disease-resistant gene.
What is the goal of introgressing a disease resistance trait into elite tomatoes?
To add a disease resistance trait to an elite tomato plant.
What is a characteristic of the 'Poor tomato' mentioned?
It is disease resistant but not elite.
What do genome-wide association studies help with?
Matching genes to traits.
What is one factor affecting foreign gene expression?
Phylogenetic distance.
How does flowering time affect crop yield?
It influences the timing of reproduction and seed set.
How can plant biologists help prevent starvation and malnutrition?
By developing plants that are more nutritious and resilient to environmental stresses.
What are some genetic technologies that contribute to plant improvement?
Techniques such as genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, and molecular breeding.
What are the barriers to the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops?
Regulatory hurdles, public acceptance, and market access issues.
What are some alternative names for whole genome sequencing?
Full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing.
Why is the breeding process faster with biotechnology?
Biotechnology tools like MAS streamline the selection of desirable traits.
What often limits plant growth?
Drought stress.
By what percentage can heat and drought reduce plant yields?
40%.
What is the term for the enhanced growth seen in the progeny of two genetically different parents?
Hybrid vigor.
What pathogen does the Hrap gene help the banana resist?
Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum.
What methods are used to isolate the gene of interest?
Molecular biology methods.
What does hybrid vigor refer to?
The improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring compared to their parents.
What is tofu made from GM soy?
Tofu produced from genetically modified soybeans.
What types of tools are developed for many species in molecular breeding?
Mapping tools.
How did the introduction of improved plants affect countries' grain status?
It turned countries from grain importers to grain exporters.
What are some characteristics of plants that can help reduce fertilizer or water requirements?
Plants that require less fertilizer or water, are drought or stress tolerant, and are pathogen resistant.
What type of tomato is described as disease sensitive?
An elite tomato.
What is a key advantage of GM methods over molecular breeding?
Genes can come from any source.
Why might bacterial genes be silent when expressed in plants?
They use their own promoters.
What percentage increase in crop production was noted in the data?
100% increase.
What is the significance of yields in agriculture?
Yields represent food produced per hectare, which is crucial for increasing food supply without expanding land use.
What are some examples of cereal crops that can be transformed and regenerated?
Rice, Corn, Wheat, Barley, Rye.
What did Mendel's experiments with peas help to establish?
The principles of heredity.
Why is the pea plant considered a model organism?
Due to its genetic variability and ease of cultivation.
What is a benefit of genetic engineering regarding gene definition?
Well-defined genes.
What percentage increase in global biotech crop area was observed from 2016 to 2017?
3%.
What was the first commercial GM food additive?
Recombinant chymosin, first FDA approved product for food in 1990.
What happens to water availability as temperatures rise?
Water availability decreases.
What is the purpose of backcrossing in plant breeding?
To repeatedly cross back to the elite tomato and identify disease-resistant plants.
What is the primary focus of the article on soybean?
The domestication of soybean.
What is the source of the gene for disease-resistant plants?
The gene of interest.
What is introgression in the context of plant breeding?
The transfer of a disease resistance gene into a plant.
What type of plants are identified through backcrossing?
Disease-resistant plants.
What do advances in genomics technologies facilitate in plant breeding?
Breeding for complex traits.
Why was IR8 referred to as 'miracle rice'?
Because of its high yields.
What is an example of a genetically engineered tomato?
Elite, disease-resistant tomato.
What is a requirement for molecular breeding?
The desired trait must be present in the population.
What trend is shown in the world rice yield from 1961 to 2000?
There were huge yield increases.
What nutritional improvements can be made to plants?
Fortification with vitamins A and iron to enhance nutrition.
Why did Mendel choose peas for his experiments?
Peas have distinct traits that are easy to observe.
Why is grafting used?
To propagate cultivars that do not come true from seeds or are difficult to reproduce from cuttings.
What factors affect foreign gene expression in plants?
Factors include the plant species, the method of gene transfer, and the regulatory elements used in the gene construct.
What is one characteristic of pea plants that Mendel utilized?
They have a short generation time.
What is a challenge in traditional plant breeding related to gene pools?
Sexual incompatibility between gene pools.
How long does back crossing typically take in traditional breeding?
10 to 15 years.
What barrier does genetic engineering overcome that traditional breeding does not?
Sexual incompatibility barriers.
What condition does recombinant human insulin treat?
Insulin-dependent diabetes.
What is the source of recombinant blood clotting factor VIII?
Mammalian cell lines.
What trait is associated with Walnut in GE crops?
Insect resistance.
What role do molecular markers play in plant genetic improvement?
They assist in selecting desirable traits during breeding.
What factors reduce plant yields?
Heat and drought.
What distinguishes ancient soybean from modern soybean?
Ancient soybean refers to the original wild varieties, while modern soybean has been selectively bred for desirable traits.
Can areas have sufficient water but still face scarcity?
Yes, due to limited access.
What is hybrid breeding?
A method of crossbreeding different plant varieties to produce offspring with desirable traits.
How can plant species affect foreign gene expression?
Different species may have varying responses to foreign genes due to their unique regulatory mechanisms.
How does a gene function once introduced into the plant genome?
It functions like any other gene.
What are some common goals of genetic engineering in plants?
Improving crop yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and enhancing nutritional value.
How are markers transmitted across generations?
By standard laws of inheritance.
What is the relationship between crop area and crop production?
Crop area has not increased as rapidly as crop production due to increased yields.
What is the purpose of crossing crop plants with perennial plants?
To reduce crop dependency on fertilizers and water.
How does genetic engineering differ from traditional breeding?
Genetic engineering allows for precise changes at the genetic level, while traditional breeding relies on natural variation.
What does traditional breeding select against?
Phenotype.
What is pathogen resistance in plants?
The ability of plants to resist diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
What is a benefit of using special understocks or interstems in grafting?
To produce dwarf plants.
What are position effects in gene expression?
Expression influenced by chromosomal location.
Which crops were genetically engineered in 1988?
Cauliflower, celery, eggplant, corn, orchard grass, rice, soybean, walnut.
What is the source of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine?
Yeast cells, available since 1981.
What was the first FDA approved recombinant product?
Recombinant human insulin in 1982.
What condition does recombinant blood clotting factor VIII treat?
Hemophilia.
What does MAS stand for?
Marker-Assisted Selection.
What is a key feature of the resistant gene in the introgression process?
The resistant gene is flanked by markers.
What has allowed crop productivity to keep pace with population growth?
Increased yields.
What techniques are commonly used in plant genetic engineering?
Techniques include gene cloning, CRISPR, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
What does MAS stand for?
Marker-Assisted Selection.
What are the advantages of plant genetic engineering over traditional plant breeding?
It allows for precise gene modification, faster development of desired traits, and the introduction of traits not possible through traditional methods.
What issue affects animal pre-mRNAs in foreign gene expression?
Inefficient splicing and polyadenylation.
What agricultural technologies were adopted during the Green Revolution?
Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and controlled irrigation.
Why do new seeds from the Green Revolution require more fertilizer?
To produce their high yields compared to traditional varieties.
Which crops were genetically engineered in 1985?
Carrot and Lotus.
List some crops that were genetically engineered in 1987.
Asparagus, cotton, flax, horseradish, lettuce, poplar, potato, rye, sunflower.
Which trees can be transformed and regenerated?
Poplar, Apple, Walnut.
What trait is associated with Alfalfa in GE crops?
Herbicide tolerance and virus resistance.
What is the genotype?
The set of genes in our DNA responsible for a particular trait.
What is grafting?
The act of joining two plants together.
What type of propagation is required for molecular breeding?
Sexual propagation.
What was the main outcome of the Green Revolution?
Greatly increased crop yields.
How does growing more food without using more land benefit the environment?
It helps mitigate climate change and slows the loss of biodiversity.
What role does photosynthesis play in crop yield?
It is essential for energy production and growth.
What is Thinopyrum intermedium?
A perennial wheat relative.
What is homologous co-suppression?
Foreign gene inactivation or gene silencing.
What are some examples of oilseeds that can be transformed and regenerated?
Canola, Sunflower.
What genetically engineered crop was developed in 1989?
Apple.
What is recombinant human growth hormone used for?
Normal growth and development.
Which GE crop is known for modified seed protein storage?
Sunflower.
What distinguishes ancient plant genetic engineering from modern techniques?
Ancient methods relied on traditional breeding, while modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification.
What is the phenotype?
The physical expression or characteristics of a trait.
What does genotype refer to?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What is an example of a method used in association analysis?
Cluster analysis.
Who is Wes Jackson?
A scientist at the Land Institute working on perennial wheat.
What is topworking in grafting?
Changing a large tree from an old variety to a new variety.
How can grafting help with soil or climate adaptation?
By using a root system better adapted than that produced by a non-grafted plant.
How many hectares of maize are genetically modified?
59.7 million hectares.
What traits do transgenic rice possess?
Resistance to pests, drought, and salinity.
How long does faster selection take in plant genetic engineering?
Approximately 3 years.
What was the global area of biotech crops in 2017?
189.8 million hectares.
What is recombinant chymosin used for?
Hard cheese production, ~60% in the US.
What traits are associated with Potato in GE crops?
Herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and insect resistance.
What is a significant requirement for the synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers?
Huge amounts of energy.
What type of plant did Mendel choose for his experiments?
Peas.
What does the lower portion of the graft become?
The root system or part of the trunk (understock).
What type of propagation can be used in GM methods?
Vegetative propagation.
Is genetic resource availability required for GM methods?
No, genetic resources are not required.
Why might monocot pre-mRNAs not work in dicots?
Due to differences in their genetic machinery.
What is the primary trait of Bt cotton?
Resistance to pests.
What virus are groundnuts genetically modified to resist?
Peanut clump virus.
Which crops were transformed in 1990?
Buckwheat, birch, chrysanthemum, citrus, clover, grapevines, mustard, papaya, strawberry.
What crops were genetically engineered in 1993?
Pea and barley.
What traits are associated with Cotton in GE crops?
Herbicide tolerance and insect resistance.
What are the two main concepts Mendel's work helped to distinguish?
Genotype and phenotype.
What is the upper part of the graft called?
The scion.
What is genetic linkage?
The tendency of markers and the gene to stay together on the same chromosome.
How does genetic linkage help scientists?
It helps predict whether a plant will have a desired gene.
What types of crops were primarily involved in the Green Revolution?
High-yielding varieties of cereals, particularly dwarf wheat and rice.
What are some barriers to the commercialization of genetically engineered crops?
Barriers include regulatory hurdles, public acceptance, and market access issues.
Can you provide examples of genetically engineered crops?
Examples include Bt cotton, Roundup Ready soybeans, and Golden Rice.
Name some food legumes that can be transformed and regenerated.
Soybean, Bean, Pea.
Which horticultural crops can be transformed and regenerated?
Carrot, Cauliflower, Celery, Cucumber, Lettuce, Melon, Petunia, Tomato.
What fungal disease is sugarcane modified to resist?
Red rot.
How many countries have adopted biotech crops?
24 countries.
What are transgenic plants?
Plants that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species.
Why is fertilizer considered an energy-demanding resource?
Because its synthesis and application require significant energy input.
What does phenotype refer to?
The observable traits of an organism.
What does RFLP stand for?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
What is the purpose of genotype analysis?
To discover genes associated with specific traits.
What are the main traits of transgenic soybean?
Herbicide tolerance, enhanced C3 crop photosynthesis, and increased yields.
Until when did the Green Revolution spread globally?
Until the late 1980s.
What is a drawback of traditional breeding regarding traits?
Undefined or undesired traits.
What disease do transgenic tomatoes resist?
Fungal infections.
Which crops were transformed in 1992?
Sugarbeet and wheat.
What traits does Tomato exhibit as a GE crop?
Virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and modified ripening.
What is important for nutrient transport in relation to crop yield?
Efficient nutrient transport processes.
What types of stress can affect plants?
Abiotic stress (high wind, salinity, extreme temperatures, drought, flood) and biotic stress (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, harmful insects, weeds).
What is one advantage of using peas in genetic studies?
They can self-pollinate and cross-pollinate.
How many traits did Mendel study in peas?
Seven traits.
How do perennial plants compare to most crop plants in terms of water and nutrient uptake?
Perennial plants uptake water and nutrients better than most crop plants.
What was the first genetically engineered crop developed?
Tobacco in 1984.
What crops were transformed in 1986?
Alfalfa, Arabidopsis, cucumber, and tomato.
What is a notable trait of genetically modified potatoes?
High protein content.
What crops were genetically engineered in 1991?
Carnation, cowpea, kiwi, melon, plum.
What trait does Cantaloupe exhibit as a GE crop?
Virus resistance.
What trait does Papaya exhibit as a GE crop?
Virus resistance.
When did the Green Revolution begin?
In the early 20th century.
How did Mendel's experiments contribute to our understanding of heredity?
By demonstrating how traits are inherited through generations.
Is genetic resource availability required for molecular breeding?
Yes, genetic resources must be available.
How does transcription efficiency vary?
It varies with the promoter used.
What is a recommended alternative to avoid issues with foreign gene expression?
Use cDNA instead.
What was the first FDA approved GM food?
Flavr Savr tomato, sold in 1994.
What is the source of recombinant human insulin?
E. coli.
What is faster: selecting for DNA markers or selecting for phenotype?
Selecting for DNA markers is faster.
What does finding a marker for a gene indicate?
That the desired gene itself is present.
What is the significance of Mendel's choice of peas?
It laid the foundation for the laws of inheritance.
What is the lifespan of perennial plants?
More than 2 years.
What type of traits did Mendel focus on in his pea experiments?
Discrete traits, such as color and shape.
What did Mendel's work with peas ultimately contribute to?
The field of genetics.
What is the significance of transforming and regenerating crops?
It allows for improved traits and adaptability in agriculture.
Which GE crop is known for insect resistance?
Apple.
Which GE crop is modified for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance?
Oilseed rape (canola).
What is the goal of developing drought or stress-tolerant plants?
To ensure higher yields and resilience against environmental challenges.
What complex traits can be analyzed through genome-wide methods?
Traits like yield and water use efficiency.
Which fiber crops can be transformed and regenerated?
Cotton, Flax.
What are some examples of pasture crops that can be transformed and regenerated?
Alfalfa, White clover, Orchard grass.
What is the primary goal of plant genetic engineering?
To increase food production for the growing population.
What are the traits of Corn as a GE crop?
Herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and virus resistance.
What is a trait of Soybean as a GE crop?
Herbicide tolerance and modified seed protein storage.
