Name an example of an over-the-counter PPI.
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Omeprazole (Prilosec).
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Name an example of an over-the-counter PPI.
Omeprazole (Prilosec).
What is the role of antacids?
To neutralize stomach acid.
What is a third example of a PPI?
Lansoprazole (Prevacid).
By what percentage can PPIs reduce gastric acid secretion?
80 to 95%.
What anti-inflammatory properties do PPIs have?
They may help decrease gastric irritation.
What is a potential issue with long-term use of H2 receptor blockers?
Tolerance.
What is the primary function of antacids?
To neutralize HCl in the stomach.
What are some mild gastrointestinal problems associated with H2 receptor blockers?
Nausea, diarrhea, and constipation.
What is a potential adverse effect of PPIs related to stomach acid?
Acid rebound.
What are H2 receptor blockers used for?
They are used to reduce stomach acid production.
What enzyme do Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) inhibit?
H+, K+-ATPase enzyme.
How are Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) generally tolerated?
They are generally well-tolerated.
What distinguishes OTC antacids from prescription antacids?
OTC antacids can be purchased without a prescription, while prescription antacids require a doctor's approval.
What are the main categories of gastrointestinal drugs?
Antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors.
What is another example of a PPI?
Esomeprazole (Nexium).
What is emesis?
The medical term for vomiting.
What phenomenon can occur after stopping antacid use?
Acid rebound.
What are the types of antacids?
Aluminum-containing, magnesium-containing, calcium carbonate-containing, sodium bicarbonate-containing, and combination.
In what forms can antacids be taken?
Tablets and liquid oral suspension.
What is a key characteristic of PPIs?
They have a safe profile.
What are some risks associated with the use of PPIs?
Increased risk of certain infections, decreased absorption of certain nutrients (vitamin B, magnesium, iron), and kidney problems such as interstitial nephritis.
What do H2 receptor blockers do?
They reduce gastric acid production by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach.
What do H2 receptor blockers prevent?
The histamine-activated release of gastric acid.
How are PPIs typically administered?
Orally, in tablets or capsules.
What is the role of histamine in gastric acid secretion?
Histamine activates the release of gastric acid.
What types of bases do antacids typically contain?
Carbonate or hydroxide.
What additional protection can antacids containing aluminium provide?
They may inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection and enhance the production of prostaglandins, proteins, and growth factors.
What are Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) used for?
To reduce gastric acid production.
How do PPIs affect calcium metabolism?
They can affect calcium metabolism.
What are antacids?
Over-the-counter products used to neutralize stomach acid.
How do antacids increase intragastric pH?
By combining with excess hydrogen ions (H+) in the stomach.
What is a common route of administration for antacids?
Orally.
What musculoskeletal symptoms have been reported with cimetidine use?
Arthralgia and myalgia.
What phenomenon can occur after stopping H2 receptor blockers?
Acid rebound.
How are H2 receptor blockers generally tolerated?
They are generally well-tolerated.
What bacterial infection may PPIs have anti-bacterial effects against?
H. pylori infection.
What is the drug of choice for long-term treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD?
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).
What is the safety profile of H2 receptor blockers?
They have a safe profile.
What do H2 receptor blockers bind to in the gastric mucosa?
H2 receptors.
What is a common adverse effect of aluminum-based antacids?
Constipation.
What can cause excessive emesis?
Conditions like pregnancy, infections, or gastrointestinal disorders.
Why should antacids not be used for extended periods?
Due to potential adverse effects.
What type of gastric condition can PPIs cause that may predispose patients to GI tumors?
Gastric polyps.
How do H2 receptor blockers help with NSAID use?
They decrease damage from gastric acid caused by NSAIDs.
What are two categories of availability for PPIs?
Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) products.
What are some examples of H2 receptor blockers?
Cimetidine (Tagamet), Famotidine (Pepcid), Ranitidine (Zantac).
Can H2 receptor blockers be obtained over-the-counter?
Yes, they are available as both prescription and over-the-counter products.
What are potential risks of using antacids for extended periods?
Electrolyte imbalances and altered pharmacokinetics.
What forms do H2 receptor blockers come in?
They are available in tablets, capsules, and liquid oral suspension.
What routes are available for administering H2 receptor blockers?
They can be taken orally in the form of tablets, capsules, or liquid oral suspension.
What can lead to inadequate gastrointestinal motility?
Conditions such as diabetes, certain medications, or neurological disorders.
What is the function of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
To inhibit the proton pump in the stomach lining, reducing gastric acid secretion.
What conditions are H2 blockers used to manage?
Peptic ulcer, dyspepsia, and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).
What is gastrointestinal motility?
The movement of food through the digestive tract.
What adverse effect is associated with magnesium-based antacids?
Diarrhea.
