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p.4

What is a common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A. Lack of insulin signaling
B. Excessive insulin signaling
C. High blood pH
D. Renal failure
E. Increased bicarbonate levels

Select an answer

p.4

Explanation

Diabetic ketoacidosis is primarily caused by a lack of insulin signaling, which leads to uncontrolled ketogenesis and subsequently reduced blood pH.

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p.4
Conditions Leading to Acidosis

What is a common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

p.4
Conditions Leading to Acidosis

What characterizes Type 1 renal tubular acidosis?

C

p.4
Conditions Leading to Acidosis

What is the result of Type 2 renal tubular acidosis?

D

p.4
Conditions Leading to Acidosis

What leads to lactic acid accumulation in rhabdomyolysis?

E

p.4
Conditions Leading to Acidosis

What is a common outcome of acidosis regardless of the cause?

D

p.5
Conditions Leading to Alkalosis

What is a common reflex action in response to hypoxia caused by pulmonary embolism?

D

p.5
Conditions Leading to Alkalosis

What condition is characterized by overproduction of aldosterone?

C

p.5
Conditions Leading to Alkalosis

What is the result of hyperventilation syndrome?

A

p.5
Conditions Leading to Alkalosis

What is the final outcome of the Conn's Syndrome pathway in terms of blood pH?

A

p.5
Conditions Leading to Alkalosis

What is the primary cause of alkalosis in the pulmonary embolism pathway?

B

p.6
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What does the anion gap indicate in blood tests?

B

p.6
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What is the normal range of the anion gap in mmol/L?

D

p.6
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

Which ions are included in the calculation of the anion gap?

A

p.6
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What is the significance of measuring the anion gap in metabolic acidosis?

B

p.6
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What is the formula for calculating the anion gap?

A

p.7
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What happens to the anion gap when there is too much base lost in metabolic acidosis?

A

p.7
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What is the effect on the anion gap when too much acid is produced in metabolic acidosis?

B

p.7
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

Which condition is associated with an unchanged anion gap due to too much base lost?

E

p.7
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

What compensatory mechanism occurs when too much acid is produced in metabolic acidosis?

E

p.7
Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

Which of the following is an example of a condition that raises the anion gap?

A

p.8
Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Signaling

What is a consequence of impaired glycogen synthesis due to lack of insulin signaling?

E

p.8
Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Signaling

What happens to fatty acid levels in the blood due to uncontrolled lipolysis in diabetes mellitus?

E

p.8
Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Signaling

What is the result of reduced glucose uptake into cells in diabetes mellitus?

D

p.8
Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Signaling

What metabolic process is unregulated due to lack of insulin signaling in diabetes mellitus?

B

p.8
Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Signaling

What condition can result from enhanced ketogenesis due to uncontrolled lipolysis in diabetes mellitus?

A

p.9
Galactosemia and Metabolism

What is the primary defect in galactosemia?

C

p.9
Galactosemia and Metabolism

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of galactosemia?

B

p.9
Galactosemia and Metabolism

What is one method used to diagnose galactosemia?

C

p.9
Galactosemia and Metabolism

What is the role of the GALT gene in galactose metabolism?

E

p.9
Galactosemia and Metabolism

What is the consequence of the accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate in the body?

D

p.10
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is the primary cause of Hyperammonemia?

C

p.11
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is the primary cause of Hyper-ammonemia?

B

p.11
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

Which diagnostic method is used for Maple Syrup Urine Disease?

D

p.11
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is a common diagnostic method for Phenylketonuria?

C

p.11
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What deficiency is associated with Maple Syrup Urine Disease?

A

p.11
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

Which test is used to detect mutations in the α-keto acid dehydrogenase gene?

D

p.12
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is the primary enzyme deficiency in Gaucher Disease?

B

p.12
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is a common symptom of both Gaucher Disease and Fabry Disease?

D

p.12
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What substance accumulates in cells due to Fabry Disease?

A

p.12
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What triggers the activation of macrophages in Fabry Disease?

C

p.12
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

Which cytokines are increased in Gaucher Disease and Fabry Disease?

C

p.13
Diseases Caused by Abnormal Protein Metabolism

What is the primary cause of Gaucher Disease?

C

p.14
Proteinuria and Kidney Failure

What is proteinuria a sign of?

D

p.14
Proteinuria and Kidney Failure

How can the severity of proteinuria be assessed?

E

p.14
Proteinuria and Kidney Failure

What is the normal range of UPCR?

C

p.14
Proteinuria and Kidney Failure

What does the UPCR formula calculate?

E

p.14
Proteinuria and Kidney Failure

What is the formula for calculating UPCR?

D

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