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Atom

Compound

Dilute (low amount of solute) and concentrated (high amount of solute).

B. Saturated

Filtration

Solubility is faster when solute particles have more surface area and are more exposed to the solvent.

The mass of NaHCO3 is 4.15 g.

Molarity is calculated as moles of solute divided by liters of solution, expressed as M = moles of solute/liters of solution.

Applications include pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, forensics, ensuring quality and safety of products, and food nutrients.

Determine the given and the desired unit.

Solids dissolve faster in higher-temperature liquids, while gases dissolve faster in lower-temperature solvents.

You can use filtration to separate the sand from the mixture, as sand is a solid that will remain on the filter paper while the liquid passes through.

a) Mixture

Colloid

Student A, with a mean of 184.7 C, is closest to the accepted value of 185 C.

The chemical processes within living organisms

Air (gas in gas solution).

Applications include pollution monitoring and control, waste management and recycling, water treatment and purification, soil remediation, air quality management, climate change research, and sustainable agriculture practices.

The percent by volume of ethanol is 26.47%.

You can find the liters of solution by cross-multiplying: 0.50M = 1.25 moles/x.

The process of comparing a quantity with a chosen standard, obtained using tools and devices.

Fundamental units are the basic building blocks of measurement that do not depend on other units, representing core physical quantities.

Observing changes in the environment and using measuring instruments to obtain more accurate details.

The base unit for mass is kilograms, symbolized as 'kg'.

No, they cannot be broken down.

a) Mixture

Significant figures include all certain digits plus one estimated digit.

The ice absorbs energy, causing the particles to break apart from their fixed positions.

No, they are not significant and are called 'placeholder zeroes'.

Organic Chemistry.

Numerical Quantity, Unit of Measurement, Name of Substance Measured.

5600 kg

1.99 x 10^30 kg

There are 3 significant figures.

Examples of derived units include Velocity, Acceleration, Force, and Pressure.

A tentative, testable statement or prediction about observations, which can be accepted or rejected.

Chemistry is the study of matter, which is anything that takes up space.

It involves the structure of matter and the energy and work produced from interactions between components of matter.

Applications include energy production and conversion, chemical reaction optimization, heat of reaction, and refineries.

Applications of biochemistry include medicine and drug development, biotechnology and genetic engineering, agriculture and crop improvement, nutritional science, environmental conservation, and molecular biology and genetics.

Human activities on the environment

Percent by volume = (volume of solute / (volume of solute + volume of solvent)) x 100.

The molarity is 0.02 M.

Organic Chemistry focuses on chemical substances that contain carbon and hydrogen (C-H) bonds, studying their structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.

7g [1kg/10^3g] = 0.007 kg.

924 cm [1m/10^2 cm] = 9.24 m.

Grape Juice: This is the independent variable because it is the factor that is intentionally changed or manipulated in the experiment to observe its effect on the color of the soap.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances, having a uniform composition and appearance throughout the sample.

Homogeneous mixture

Gas in solid solution.

Molality = 0.034 moles / 1 kg = 0.034 m.

Evaporation is commonly used for solid-liquid mixtures.

It is a pure substance because it cannot be separated physically and has consistent properties.

Evaporation is done if you want to recover one component.

Chainlike molecules and plastics

Sublimation is happening because low pressure lets the solid skip the liquid phase.

Biology and Physics.

They can be an element or a compound, are chemically combined, have the same properties throughout a given sample, and have a definite and unchanging chemical composition.

Magnetic separation employs the difference in magnetic properties.

There are 6 significant figures.

Keeping the soap brand constant ensures that the chemical composition and characteristics remain the same, preventing variability in the results.

The base unit for amount of substance is moles, symbolized as 'mol'.

6 moles of KNO₃

x = 1.25 moles / 0.50 mol/L, which gives x = 2.5 L of solution.

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms, focusing on molecular mechanisms that govern biological functions.

Suspension and colloid.

b) Metal

b) Nonmetal

Industrial chemistry focuses on the chemical properties in the industry, particularly large-scale production and manufacturing of chemicals and materials.

Yes, they are significant.

Deposition happens because the gas cools too quickly to form a liquid.

Observation

You can use chromatography to separate the food coloring from the solution, as it allows for the separation of different components based on their movement through a stationary phase.

The base unit for length is meters, symbolized as 'm'.

6.7 x 10^-6

Deposition is when gas particles instantly change to solid without going through the liquid state due to abrupt changes in temperature and pressure.

Ductility.

% mass = 3.47%

A small change in pressure won’t affect the solubility of solids and liquids, but greater pressure increases the solubility of gases in a solvent.

x = 0.500 mol/kg * 0.250 kg, which gives x = 0.125 mole of CaCl2.

Environmental chemistry is concerned with matter and the environment, focusing on the effects of human activities on air, water, soil, and ecosystems.

Low pressure and low temperature; sublimation.

Yes, zeros between nonzero digits are significant.

Coordination compounds.

Applications include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental science, forensic science, and plastics.

Inorganic Chemistry studies chemical substances that do not contain carbon-carbon bonds, including metals, minerals, salts, and coordination compounds.

The decimal moves to the left.

A liquid has no definite shape, has a definite volume, has less compact particles, flows, and has low density relative to solids.

During freezing, as heat leaves, particles move slowly, strengthening their attraction and forming orderly arrangements.

These are numbers greater than zero used in physically counting objects.

Solutions.

Nonmetal

The unit for molality is moles/kg, represented as small m.

1.2 x 10^-7 meters

A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent and can be described qualitatively (diluted and concentrated) and quantitatively (unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated).

Student B, with a mean of 186.8 C, shows consistency in measurements but is not close to the accepted value.

Dimensional analysis is the study of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base dimensions and units of measurement.

It refers to the principle that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.

You can use a magnet to attract and remove the iron filings from the mixture, as iron is magnetic.

Molality = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent (kg) = 0.25 moles / 0.500 kg = 0.50 m

Applications include materials science, energy storage and conversion, metallurgy, electronics and semiconductors, environmental chemistry, and mining.

Developing questions or problems that can be solved through experimentation.

Change in the Color of the Soap Water: This is the dependent variable because it is the outcome being measured in response to the addition of grape juice.

4.8 x 10^3

2.5 x 10^-6

7.5 x 10^-6

Solid in liquid solution.

The structure and composition of compounds and mixtures.

All nonzero digits are significant.

Analytical Chemistry studies the properties of chemical substances and the structure and composition of compounds and mixtures, involving techniques to analyze substances and determine their composition, structure, and properties.

Student C, with a mean of 181.6 C, lacks both consistency and proximity to the accepted value.

130000 kg

Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L) = 1.75 moles / 3.5 L = 0.50 M

Distillation is done if you want to recover both components.

You can use evaporation to recover the salt from the water by heating the solution until the water evaporates, leaving the salt behind.

The decimal moves to the right.

A gas has an indefinite shape and volume, is highly compressible, has particles that are far apart, has low density, and conforms to the shape of the container.

A carefully planned experiment that includes a thorough procedure, a detailed list of materials, measurable outcomes, and at least 3 trials.

Molality = 1.13 m

Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the relationships between chemical reactions and changes in energy, particularly heat.

A. Unsaturated

Environmental Monitoring.

Carbon-carbon bonds.

0.019

Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it through a solution or suspension, involving two components: the stationary phase (which does not move) and the mobile phase (which moves).

Distillation employs the differences in boiling point of the components.

c) Metalloid

Magnetic separation is commonly used for solid-solid mixtures.

There are 4 significant figures.

The base unit for time is seconds, symbolized as 's'.

Kind of Fruit: This variable needs to be kept the same to ensure that any color change is only because of grape juice and not other fruit juices.

Conclusions based on observations that answer the inquiry question, stating whether the hypothesis is true or false, along with recommendations for further study.

Temperature: This variable must be kept constant to ensure that any change in melting time is due to the amount of salt and not temperature variations.

Chemistry in Earth Science involves the interaction of atoms that formed the universe and the changes in matter in our atmosphere, land, and water.

Mixtures consist of two or more pure substances that are physically combined, have inconsistent properties throughout a sample, possess an indefinite and changing composition, can be physically separated, and can be either homogenous or heterogeneous.

It is a pure substance because it shows consistent chemical behavior and cannot be separated physically.

0.0000457

91200

The maximum amount of substance that dissolves in a given amount of solvent.

Volume of solution = Moles of solute / Molarity = 0.80 moles / 2.0 M = 0.40 L

a) Homogeneous mixture

It is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form, expressed as any number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to an exponent.

Suspension

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or correct value.

States: Solid, Liquid, Gas; Composition: Pure substance and Mixture.

Amount of salt in ice: This is the independent variable as it is the factor being changed to observe its effect on the melting time of ice.

Time the ice melts: This is the dependent variable as it is the outcome being measured in response to the amount of salt added.

The metric unit of measurement is a system commonly used in science and many countries, which evolved into the International System of Units.

Bromine, Neon, or Sulfur.

Yes, components can be separated physically.

Because it is applicable to any branch of science due to the omnipresence of matter.

118 known elements

Conversion is the ratio of equivalent values of quantities having different units.

Specific numerical measurements of solute concentration.

Evaporation employs the differences in boiling point of the components.

Chemical manufacturing

The air inside the car is cooler than the dew point, causing the water vapor to turn into liquid.

Volume of solution = (volume of methanol / % methanol by volume) x 100.

They may or may not be significant.

There are 3 significant figures.

Derived units are formed by combining fundamental units according to algebraic relationships between physical quantities and can be expressed as products or quotients of these base units.

Gathering information about your inquiry or problem through reliable sources.

A solvent is the component used to dissolve the solute in a solution, typically present in larger amounts.

Using tables and spreadsheets for easy recording, and presenting results in graphs or charts, which can be analyzed via equations or statistical tools.

Evaporation occurs when the liquid phase changes to the gas phase at a temperature above the boiling point at a given pressure.

Condensation occurs when gas (water vapor) turns into a liquid state.

Solid, liquid, or gaseous form.

They exist in a single phase and have visibly indistinguishable parts.

All living organisms are made up of matter, and their bodily functions involve chemical processes.

4.14 grams of NaHCO₃

a) Mixture

F. Supersaturated

A solution that contains an excess amount of solute dissolved by heating.

b) Compound

A systematic approach to solving problems or studying phenomena and communicating the results to the scientific community.

An organized process used by scientists to do research and verify the work of others.

A x 10^n, where A is a number equal to or greater than 1 but less than 10, and n is the number of places the decimal point has been moved.

A solid has a definite shape or volume, is hard to compress, has compact particles, has high density, and might not conform to the shape of the container.

You move the decimal point to the right.

The base unit for temperature is kelvin, symbolized as 'K'.

The factor or condition that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

They are brittle and have poor thermal and electrical conductivity.

They are non-uniform and exist in two or more phases with visibly distinguishable parts.

Dimensional analysis or factor label method.

Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L) = 0.10 moles / 0.25 L = 0.40 M

Distillation is commonly used for solid-liquid mixtures and liquid-liquid mixtures.

Applications include chemical manufacturing (e.g., fertilizers, plastics), pharmaceuticals production, food and beverage production, coatings and adhesives manufacturing, and renewable energy production (e.g., biofuels).

Polymer chemistry is the study of plastics and other chainlike molecules that consist of many smaller molecules linked together, encompassing synthesis, characterization, and processing of polymers.

Applications include plastics and packaging materials, textiles and fibers, coatings and paints, biomedical devices and materials, and rubber and elastomers.

Physical Chemistry interprets chemical processes in terms of physical properties of matter, combining principles of physics and chemistry to study behavior at molecular and atomic levels.

A solute is the component that is dissolved in a solution, typically present in lesser amounts.

During melting, solid particles absorb energy, increasing temperature and causing the particles to vibrate strongly, weakening their attraction to each other.

Sublimation is when solid particles instantly loosen up to form gases due to abrupt changes in temperature and pressure.

Through a written or oral report that includes title, researchers, abstract, introduction, objectives, procedure, data, results, and conclusions.

Defined numbers involve a relationship between units and measurements, such as 1 foot = 12 inches.

An element that has physical and chemical properties of both metal and nonmetal.

Precision means how close a group of measurements are to each other.

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space.

There are 4 significant figures.

The phases of a solution can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in a given experiment.

Nickel, Silver, or Cobalt.

From the names of the elements that compose them.

Applications include chemical reaction mechanisms, material design and nanotechnology, energy storage and conversion, and environmental chemistry.

You move the decimal point to the left.

A factor in an experiment that is kept constant to ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable are solely due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Sodium (solid) + Chlorine (gas) = Sodium Chloride (solid).

Most metals are solid at room temperature, except for mercury (Hg).

Key features include decimalization, a system of prefixes, and a standard in terms of an invariable physical measurement.

They can be separated into their constituent elements and/or compounds through chemical reactions.

It measures the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a metal.

Malleability.

It refers to the fact that all measurements are not exact to a certain degree, and different measuring tools may yield different numerical values for the same object.

Compounds are made up of molecules.

The base unit for electric current is amperes, symbolized as 'A'.

The base unit for luminous intensity is candelas, symbolized as 'cd'.

An element that does not have the properties of a metal.

The Law of Definite Proportions.

The outcome or response that is measured in an experiment, changing in response to the manipulation of the independent variable.

120 mL