What is neomycin sourced from?
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Streptomyces fradiae.
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What is neomycin sourced from?
Streptomyces fradiae.
What type of drugs are suitable for spray drying?
Highly sensitive drugs to atmospheric conditions, such as papaya latex, pectin, and tannins.
What is the most common method for stabilizing plant materials?
Brief exposure to ethanol vapor under pressure (0.5 atm).
What is the purpose of using desiccators in chemical drying?
To remove moisture from drugs.
What equipment is used to harvest aerial parts of plants?
Blinders.
Who is the instructor for the course BPH 3101?
Dr. Vijay Kotra.
What conditions are used to accelerate enzymatic processes during fermentation?
Raised temperatures (30 - 40 °C) and humidity.
What is included in the official title of a crude drug?
Synonyms or vernacular names.
What is propagation by seed?
A method of plant reproduction involving the use of seeds.
What are the morphological characters of crude drugs?
Physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture, and sensory characters like colour, odour, and taste.
What methods did early humans use to acquire knowledge of medicinal properties of plants?
Guesswork or trial & error, searching for food, superficial resemblance, and observing animals.
How long should plant material be exposed to ethanol vapor for stabilization?
A few minutes only.
What is the focus of pharmacology?
The study of how drugs interact with biological systems.
What are semisynthetic sources of drugs?
Drugs created by altering the structures of naturally occurring drugs.
Give an example of a plant that can be dried in a shed.
Digitalis, clove senna, or peppermint.
What does the number 59 represent?
It could refer to a quantity, age, or specific identifier, but more context is needed.
What is vegetative propagation?
A method of plant reproduction that involves the use of plant parts other than seeds.
Since when have medicinal plants been in use in China?
Since 5000 BC.
What is the basis for the chemical classification of drugs?
According to their principal chemical constituents.
What is Gibberellin known for?
Gibberellin promotes stem elongation and seed germination.
Give an example of a crude drug that can be classified alphabetically.
Acacia, Agar, Benzoin, Beeswax, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Digitalis, Datura, Jalap, Kino, Ephedra, Linseed, Fennel, Ginger, Isapagol, Mustard.
What happens to an absolutely dried drug when exposed to air?
It absorbs 8 - 10% of moisture.
What types of synthetic sources exist?
Inorganic source, organic source, and a combination of organic and inorganic sources.
What is a crude drug?
A natural product obtained from a natural source, which can be in different forms.
What is the source of Nicotine?
Tobacco leaves.
What is an example of a semi-synthetic drug derived from plant sources?
Heroin from Morphine.
What is shellac classified as?
A type of resin.
What is fermentation in the context of plant constituents?
Enzymatic transformation of the original plant constituents.
What undesirable parts are removed from cloves during garbling?
Stalks.
How are pieces of iron removed from castor, vinca, and senna?
By using a magnet.
What technologies are involved in developing biosynthetic sources?
Molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immunopharmacology.
What is the temperature range for drying leaves, herbs, and flowers?
20 - 40 °C.
What is Recombinex HB?
A genetically engineered hepatitis-B vaccine.
What did Charaka do with herbs in India?
He made 50 groups of 10 herbs each for particular illnesses.
How many herbs did Sushrutha arrange?
760 herbs.
What is the significance of the date 9/8/2024?
It may refer to a specific event or deadline, but context is needed for clarity.
What aspects are covered under the origin of crude drugs?
Biological and geographical sources, along with the history and name of the drug.
What is the role of Auxin in plants?
Auxin regulates plant growth and development.
What are some examples of plant sources of crude drugs?
Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium.
What is lyophilization commonly known as?
Freeze drying.
What factors determine the harvesting method of drugs?
The type of drug and pharmacopoeial standards that need to be achieved.
Which faculty offers the course BPH 3101?
Faculty of Pharmacy.
What is garbling in the context of pharmacognosy?
The process of removing undesirable materials such as sand, dirt, and foreign organic parts from crude drugs.
Why must the fermented product be dried afterwards?
To prevent attack by microorganisms, such as moulds.
What is the method of classification that arranges crude drugs in alphabetical order?
Alphabetical classification.
What are the sources of medicinal plants?
They can be collected from wild or cultivated plants.
What are the two main methods of drying?
Natural and artificial methods.
For which type of drugs is alphabetical classification particularly suitable?
Drugs having no connecting features of a scientific nature.
What is the temperature range for drying barks and roots?
40 - 65 °C.
What are some examples of animal sources of crude drugs?
Cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin.
What does phytochemistry study?
The chemistry of plants and plant products.
Who wrote the herbal document 'Pen-ts'ao' and when?
Shen nung around 3000 BC.
What packaging is used for Colophony and balsam of Tolu?
Kerosin tins.
What is pharmacognosy regarded as?
The mother of all sciences.
How did early humans seek to alleviate their sufferings?
By using plants.
What is Reserpine derived from?
Rauwolfia serpentina root bark.
What is the first step in the process of handling crude drugs?
Collection.
What is the majority source of drugs used in clinical practice today?
Synthetic sources.
What is one advantage of cultivating medicinal plants?
Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants.
What is tray drying used for?
For materials that do not contain volatile oil and are stable to heat.
Which plants are typically dried directly in the sun?
Gum acacia, seeds, and fruits.
What is the importance of quality control in pharmacognosy?
To ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of crude drugs.
When is enzyme deactivation required in drying?
For materials like belladonna roots, cinchona bark, tea, and gums.
Name a classification system based on the biological relationship of drugs.
Taxonomical system.
What types of substances are typically dried using lyophilization?
Heat-sensitive substances and biological fluids, such as antibiotics, proteins, and enzymes.
From which plant is Atropine derived?
Atropa belladonna leaves.
What are crude drugs?
Products of plant, animal, and mineral origin found in raw form and pharmaceutical products.
What are umbelliferous drugs derived from?
Family Umbelliferae.
Give an example of a crude drug.
Senna, Cascara, or Cinchona.
What is Homoatropine derived from?
Atropine.
What is lime juice used for?
To obtain Ascorbic acid/Vitamin C, which is used for scurvy and gum bleeding.
Which mineral substances are considered crude drugs?
Chalk, kaolin, talc.
What is an example of a plant product that undergoes fermentation?
Vanilla pods.
What is the purpose of stabilization in the context of plant material storage?
To avoid degradation by destroying enzymes before drying.
Why is grinding of crude drugs important?
To achieve uniformity.
What affects the active constituents of medicinal plants?
Many factors, including the course of plant growth.
What is a common type of machine used for grinding crude drugs?
Hammer mill.
What was one way early humans learned about plants?
By observing other animals' instinctive discrimination between toxic and palatable plants.
What process follows the collection of crude drugs?
Drying.
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
Medicinally active compounds formed through biogenetic pathways.
What happens to water vapor during the lyophilization process?
It passes rapidly to the cold surface.
What mechanical devices are used for harvesting underground drugs?
Diggers or lifters.
How can plant sources be utilized in drug development?
By searing as a plant source and then synthesizing it in a lab.
What is an example of a chemotaxonomic marker?
Tropane alkaloids, which generally occur among members of the Solanaceae family.
What are organized drugs derived from leaves?
Datura, Senna, Digitalis.
How does cultivation contribute to industrialization?
It leads to industrialization.
What is the final step in the preservation of crude drugs?
Preservation.
What does the latest system of classification in chemotaxonomy aim to understand?
The relationship between chemical constituents, their biosynthesis, and their possible actions.
What are chemical identity tests based on?
The nature of constituents.
Name two organized drugs sourced from roots.
Rauwolfia, Liquorice.
What is the most abundant source of drugs?
Vegetable or plants.
What is chemotaxonomic classification?
A classification system based on the chemical composition of organisms.
Which plant is known for its use in traditional medicine and is an example of a crude drug?
Cinchona.
What type of unorganized drug is beeswax?
Waxes.
What are examples of purgatives?
Senna and Castor oil.
What is the role of gum acacia and gum tragacanth?
They are used as suspending agents.
What subjects are included in the study of drugs from plants?
Botany, chemistry, and pharmacology.
What is the simplest method of arranging crude drugs?
Alphabetical order using their English or Latin names.
What are oleoresins?
A type of resin, an example is aspidium.
What is involved in chemical characterization of plant materials?
Isolation, identification, and quantification of constituents.
Which plants are sources of Caffeine?
Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa.
What does pharmacology study in relation to medicinal plants?
The biological effects of chemicals on cell cultures, animals, and humans.
What percentage of the world population uses natural products for healthcare?
More than sixty percent.
What are microbiological sources of drugs?
Drugs obtained from fungi, moulds, and bacteria.
What is an air-dry drug?
A drug that has absorbed 8 - 10% moisture after being absolutely dried.
What does cultivation ensure regarding the supply of medicinal plants?
It ensures a regular supply.
What type of packaging is recommended for Aloe?
Goat skin.
Name an example of an entire animal used as a crude drug.
Cantharidis.
Which environmental factor involves the amount of moisture in the air?
Temperature & humidity.
What effect does excessive moisture have on digitalis and wild cherry bark?
It facilitates enzymatic degradation.
Which organized drugs come from barks?
Cinnamon, Cinchona.
What is an example of a morphological characteristic?
Leaf shape or flower structure.
What is a monograph in pharmacognosy?
The descriptive material pertaining to any drug or therapeutic agent included in the pharmacopoeia.
What is the current trend in drug production?
Most drugs are synthetics produced in laboratories, with few from natural extractions.
What information is included in the monograph of a drug?
Official title, synonyms, definition, description, collection or preparation, identity tests, tests for adulterants, method of assay, storage, uses, and doses.
What does quality control of drugs involve?
Evaluation of the physical and chemical characters of the drug.
What is the purpose of packaging for Aloe?
To prevent oxidation.
What is the significance of evaluating the uses and applications of a drug?
To understand its role in medicine.
What is lard?
Fat obtained from pigs, used in cooking and baking.
What are drugs from underground organs?
Drugs derived from parts of plants that grow below the ground.
What are psyllium seeds used for?
As bulk purgatives.
How did Sushrutha classify the herbs?
In 7 groups based on their common properties.
What is a vacuum dryer used for?
For drying thermolabile drugs like tannic acid and digitalis.
What happens to constituents during long storage of plant materials?
Enzymatic reactions slowly destroy the constituents.
What details are included in the cultivation and preparation of medicinal plants?
Cultivation methods, collection, drying, packing, and treatment of the drug for market preparation.
Why is the extraction, isolation, purification, and characterization of phytochemicals important?
It is important for the advancement of the medicine system.
What are the four natural sources of drugs?
Vegetable source, animal source, mineral source, and microbiological source.
What are aseptic methods of micropropagation?
Techniques used to grow plants in a sterile environment to prevent contamination.
What defines an absolutely dried drug?
A drug that is completely freed from water.
What has contributed to the development of today's modern medicine system?
Knowledge and experience accumulated over thousands of years.
What temperature range is maintained for the cold surface during lyophilization?
-60 to -80 °C.
What is Morphine obtained from?
Dried latex of Papaver somniferum.
What are interferon-alpha-2a and interferon-alpha-2b used for?
Treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.
Which plant family is known for tropane alkaloids?
The Solanaceae family.
Name a type of balsam.
Tolubalsam, Perubalsam, or Benzoin.
What environmental condition affects plant growth related to elevation?
Altitude.
What are some sources of primitive medicine?
Folklore, witchcraft, dreams, trances, and observing animal reactions to herbs.
What knowledge is essential for the preparation of synthetic drugs?
Knowledge of phytochemical investigation.
What is Bromoscopolamine derived from?
Scopolamine.
What significant drug was discovered through primitive medicine?
Quinine, used for malaria.
How do semi-synthetic methods improve drugs?
By chemically modifying substances from natural sources to enhance potency, efficacy, and reduce side effects.
What roles did 'De Materia Medica' play in science?
It played an important role in pharmacology and botany.
What is Digitalis used for?
It is used in the treatment of heart conditions.
What does taxonomical classification reflect?
The natural relationship or phylogeny of the sources.
What type of container is suitable for Cod liver oil?
Light resistant container.
What is another example of a semi-synthetic compound?
6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives.
What ecological issue can arise from the cultivation of medicinal plants?
Losses due to ecological imbalances.
What is an example of a semisynthetic product?
Etoposide or hyoscine butyl bromide.
What should be used to protect stored drugs from pests?
Proper insecticides.
What is an example of a crude drug derived from the thyroid gland?
Thyroid gland.
What is the basis for the pharmacological or therapeutic classification of crude drugs?
Based on the pharmacological actions and therapeutic properties of the crude drugs.
Why is garbling necessary for plants like lobelia and stramonium?
To remove excessive stems.
What is the focus of biosynthetic sources in pharmacognosy?
Genetically engineered drugs.
What does botany encompass in the context of pharmacognosy?
Identification (taxonomy), genetics, and cultivation of plants.
What is pharmacognosy?
The study of medicinal drugs derived from plants and other natural sources.
What is natural drying?
Drying by natural air in sun or shade.
What is the name of the oldest known herbal document?
Pen-ts'ao.
Why is the proper time of collection important?
To obtain a drug of good quality.
What type of drugs are grouped together in the alkaloid category?
Alkaloid-containing drugs.
What is an example of an oleogum resin?
Myrrh.
What is one method of classifying drugs?
Alphabetical system.
Why is morphological classification important?
It helps in identifying and categorizing different species for study and use.
What significant work did Dioscorides compile around 77 AD?
De Materia Medica.
What are unorganized (acellular) drugs?
Drugs that are products of plant, animal, and mineral sources, including dried latex, dried juice, dried extracts, gums, resins, fixed oils, fats, waxes, volatile oils, animal products, and minerals.
Which family is commonly associated with volatile oils?
The Umhelliferae family.
What is the role of growth inhibitors like ABA?
ABA (Abscisic Acid) inhibits growth and promotes dormancy.
Why is storage important in the handling of crude drugs?
To maintain their quality and efficacy.
How are secondary metabolites described in relation to plant metabolism?
They are waste products of metabolism, usually accumulated in some parts of the plant and are physiologically active on living organisms.
How should Asafoetida be stored?
In a well-closed container to prevent loss of volatile oils.
What are galenicals?
Preparations of crude drugs, such as extracts and tinctures.
What is a semi-synthetic drug derived from animal sources?
Animal insulin changed to be like human insulin.
What is Senna commonly used for?
As a natural laxative.
What are the main constituents of Umbelliferous fruit drugs?
Volatile oils.
What is the significance of resin in pharmacognosy?
Resin is a type of secondary metabolite that can have therapeutic properties.
Which unorganized drugs are classified as volatile oils?
Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove.
What are sera used for?
Sera such as antidiphtheria and antitetanus are used for prophylaxis/treatment.
What is an example of an antitussive?
Opium.
What are microscopical characters in pharmacognostic studies?
Histological characters that help in the identification of the drug in powdered form.
What knowledge is essential for a complete understanding of Pharmacognosy?
Knowledge of chemotaxonomy, biogenetic pathways, plant tissue culture, and related fields.
What is Humulin?
A recombinant DNA engineered insulin for diabetes.
What are the key criteria used in morphological classification?
Physical characteristics such as shape, size, and structure.
What function does Cytokinin serve in plants?
Cytokinin promotes cell division and growth.
What is the purpose of garbling in the processing of crude drugs?
To remove impurities and unwanted materials.
Which mill is used for the production of very fine powders?
Tooth mill.
How do people use natural products in relation to healthcare?
Directly or indirectly for their primary healthcare needs.
What has pharmacognosy become in modern times?
A multidisciplinary subject encompassing various fields.
What is ferrous sulfate used for?
Iron deficiency anemia.
What are glycosides?
Compounds that yield one or more sugars upon hydrolysis.
How can plant secondary metabolites be used in pharmacognosy?
They can serve as the basis for the classification of crude drugs.
How are flowers, seeds, and small fruits harvested?
Using a seed stripper.
What modern technological aspects can be applied in the cultivation of medicinal plants?
Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization.
What environmental condition relates to the duration of sunlight exposure?
Day length and radiation characteristics.
Streptomycin is obtained from which organism?
Streptomyces griseus.
What types of minerals are used for the diagnosis/treatment of malignant conditions?
Radioactive isotopes of iodine, phosphorus, and gold.
What are some examples of fumigants used for drug storage?
Methyl bromide, carbon disulphide, HCN.
What is the use of liver extracts?
Liver extracts are used for treating anemia.
What are examples of cardio-tonics?
Digitalis, Squill, and Stropanthus.
What is morphological classification?
A system of classifying organisms based on their physical form and structure.
What is an example of a gum resin?
Asafoetida.
Why is the quality of plants important in propagation?
Quality affects growth, yield, and resistance to diseases.
Name three examples of synthetic drugs.
Aspirin, antihistamines, and paracetamol.
What are some examples of marine sources of crude drugs?
Sponges, red algae, agar.
What is chemotaxonomic classification based on?
The chemical similarity of taxa, specifically the relationship between constituents in various plants.
How are most synthetic drugs prepared?
By chemical processes in the laboratory.
What is the next step after garbling crude drugs?
Packaging.
What are secondary metabolites?
Substances synthesized or produced as by-products by plants during their metabolic activities, with no primary use.
What does pharmacognosy systematically study?
Crude drugs from nature.
What fields are included in modern pharmacognosy?
Phytochemistry, analytical pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapy, medicinal plant biotechnology, herbal formulations, and nutraceuticals.
What do Co constituents include?
Reputed active constituents and other constituents, including reserve food materials.
What are the key areas of study in pharmacognosy?
Medicinal uses, history, sources, distributions, methods of cultivation, active constituents, identification tests, preservation methods, substituents, and adulterants.
Why are alterations made to the naturally found structure of drugs?
To improve their effect and the finances of pharmaceutical companies.
What is a disadvantage of cultivating medicinal plants?
High cost.
What is thyroid powder used for?
Thyroid powder is used for treating hypothyroidism.
What are 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives used for?
They are used as anticholinergic drugs.
Name a type of oil derived from olives.
Olive oil.
What is an example of an unorganized drug derived from dried latex?
Opium.
What is essential for managing harmful organisms that affect crops?
Pest and pest control.
What is an example of a crude drug that is a resin?
Resins.
Which drugs are considered bronchodilators?
Ephedra and Tea.
What are crude drugs?
Crude drugs are natural substances used in the preparation of medicinal products.
What type of mill is useful for producing low-dust powders from leaves, barks, and roots?
Knife mill.
What does the term 'pharmacognosy' derive from?
Two Greek words: 'pharmakon' meaning drug or medicine, and 'gignosco' meaning to acquire knowledge.
Who first used the term 'Pharmacognosy'?
C. A. Seydler.
What role does plant tissue culture play in Pharmacognosy?
It is essential for understanding the production of medicinally active compounds.
What are some examples of mineral sources of crude drugs?
Talc, kaolin, kieselguhr.
What are semi-synthetic processes used for in drug preparation?
To prepare drugs when synthesis may be difficult, expensive, or when natural sources yield impure compounds.
How many kinds of crude drugs did Dioscorides record in his book?
About 600 kinds.
Which classification system focuses on the physical characteristics of drugs?
Morphological system.
What is the role of botany in pharmacognosy?
Botany studies plants, which are primary sources of many medicinal compounds.
Which drug is derived from Penicillium griseofulvum?
Griseofulvin (an anti-fungal drug).
What is zoopharmacognosy?
A branch of pharmacognosy that studies animal behavior for drug discovery and development.
What can cause degradation of active constituents in cod liver oil and digitalis?
Direct sunlight.
What is an example of a semi-synthetic drug?
Semi-synthetic human insulin.
What is tannic acid?
A type of tannin.
What are examples of unorganized substances derived from plants or animals?
Opium, aloes, tragacanth, resins.
What is kaolin used for in pharmacotherapy?
As an adsorbent in antidiarrheal mixtures.
How should drugs be stored to ensure their quality?
In sealed containers in cool, dark places.
What is castor oil primarily used for?
As a laxative and for skin care.
What is the significance of packaging Asafoetida properly?
To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
What condition is associated with the use of certain drugs mentioned?
Constipation.
What are unorganized crude drugs?
Drugs that do not have a defined structure or organization.
What is the basic concept of Pharmacognosy?
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs derived from natural sources.
What has nature provided for human health?
Medicines for better health, including cures for almost all types of ailments.
Which drugs are harvested by hand rather than by machine?
Digitalis, Senna, Tea, and Vinca.
How does cultivation affect the yield of medicinal plants?
Better yield can be achieved by skilled persons from cultivated plants.
What is the significance of Ethylene in plant growth?
Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and flower wilting.
From which organism is penicillin derived?
Penicillium notatum.
Can morphological classification be applied to both plants and animals?
Yes, it can be applied to both plants and animals.
What is chloramphenicol derived from?
Streptomyces venezuelae.
What type of chemical principle is mainly found in the Pinaceae family?
Oleoresins.
What are Solanaceous drugs derived from?
Family Solanaceae.
What factor includes the amount of water provided to plants?
Rainfall or irrigation.
How is the Cochineal insect collected?
By brushing it off trees.
Which minerals are used as antacids for hyperacidity and peptic ulcer?
Magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.
What are substitutes and adulterants in pharmacognosy?
Materials added fraudulently and matter associated with the drug due to carelessness in handling.
What is used to enhance plant growth and yield?
Fertilizers.
What is heparin used for?
Heparin is used as an anticoagulant.
What factor refers to the quality and nutrient content of the ground where plants grow?
Soil and soil fertility.
What is croton oil derived from?
The seeds of the Croton tiglium plant.
What is shark liver oil known for?
Its potential health benefits and use in supplements.
What are organized crude drugs?
Drugs derived from overground organs.
What is the course code for Basic Concepts of Pharmacognosy and Crude Drugs?
BPH 3101.
What are organized (cellular) drugs?
Drugs that are direct parts of the plant, divided into leaves, barks, wood, root, rhizome, seed, fruit, flower, stem, hair, and fibers.
What are examples of entire plants used as crude drugs?
Mentha and Lobelia.
Who coined the term pharmacognosy?
Prof. John Schimidt in his book 'Lehrbuch der Materia Medica'.
What is the basis for taxonomical classification in pharmacognosy?
According to the natural groups (e.g., families) of their sources.
How does biology relate to pharmacognosy?
Biology provides the foundational understanding of living organisms from which drugs are derived.
What happens if enzymes are not destroyed during drying?
The plant can still metabolize.
Give examples of organized drugs.
Leaves, barks, wood, root, rhizome, seed, fruit, flower, stem, hair, and fibers.
What is Quinine extracted from?
Cinchona bark.
What classification system is based on the therapeutic effects of drugs?
Pharmacological or therapeutic system.
What types of substances are included in unorganized drugs?
Dried latex, dried juice, dried extracts, gums, resins, fixed oils, fats, waxes, volatile oils, animal products, and minerals.
What does the term 'chemotaxonomic grouping' refer to?
Grouping based on chemical similarities, even if the plants are different.
What is a pure compound in pharmacognosy?
A substance like morphine, atropine, or digoxin.
How should Cinnamon bark be packaged for transport?
As quills.
What type of alkaloids are characteristic of Solanaceous drugs?
Tropane alkaloids.
What are some examples of minerals mentioned that have therapeutic uses?
Chalk, bentonite, potassium chloride, and various acids and bases.
Name some minerals classified as unorganized drugs.
Bentonite, Kaolin, Talc.
What are examples of entire organs from plants used as crude drugs?
Senna, Clove, Fennel, Linseed.
What is the therapeutic use of magnesium sulfate?
It is employed as a purgative.
What are pyrogallol tannins?
Glycosides of glucose that occur in oak galls.
What is insulin derived from and what is its use?
Insulin is derived from the pancreases of pigs and cattle and is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
What is the significance of studying active constituents in pharmacognosy?
To understand the medicinal uses of naturally occurring drugs.
Why is long storage of certain drugs not recommended?
Due to deterioration.
What are extractives?
Crude mixtures of chemical constituents removed from plants or animals by various extraction processes.
What is a common use for cod liver oil?
As a dietary supplement rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Which substances are classified as expectorants?
Liquorice, Vasaka, and Ipecac.
Which classification system categorizes drugs based on their chemical structure?
Chemical system.
What seeds are considered organized drugs?
Nux vomica, Linseed.
From which parts of plants can drugs be obtained?
Roots, rhizomes, stem, bark, sap, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc.
What are some examples of animal-derived unorganized substances used as crude drugs?
Musk, beeswax, gelatin.
What types of therapies utilize hormones and vitamins?
Hormones and vitamins are used as replacement therapy.
Name some vaccines derived from animal sources.
Vaccines for cholera, T.B., smallpox, polio, and antirabic.
What are some other animal-derived products mentioned?
Honey, beeswax, and shark liver oil.
