Five Dynasties regime — what were its main characteristics?
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| Characteristic | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Military rule (武人專政) | Founding rulers were former generals; continuation of late-Tang military governors and military dominance. |
| Frequent usurpation (篡奪頻密) | Powerful commanders seized the throne frequently; dynasties were short-lived. |
| Shatuo/Non-Han control (胡人掌政) | Founders were Shatuo people who tended to neglect culture and agriculture and often waged war, causing northern economic decline. |
| Border threats (邊患威脅) | Shi Jingtang ceded the Sixteen Prefectures (燕雲十六州), creating long-term defense problems for later dynasties. |
| Capital locations | Except for Later Tang (洛陽), the other Five Dynasties were based in Kaifeng (開封). |
Click to see question
Five Dynasties regime — what were its main characteristics?
| Characteristic | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Military rule (武人專政) | Founding rulers were former generals; continuation of late-Tang military governors and military dominance. |
| Frequent usurpation (篡奪頻密) | Powerful commanders seized the throne frequently; dynasties were short-lived. |
| Shatuo/Non-Han control (胡人掌政) | Founders were Shatuo people who tended to neglect culture and agriculture and often waged war, causing northern economic decline. |
| Border threats (邊患威脅) | Shi Jingtang ceded the Sixteen Prefectures (燕雲十六州), creating long-term defense problems for later dynasties. |
| Capital locations | Except for Later Tang (洛陽), the other Five Dynasties were based in Kaifeng (開封). |
第1頁 — 五代與十國概述
| 主題 | 重點說明 |
|---|---|
| 五代 | 唐朝滅亡後北方先後有後梁、後唐、後晉、後漢、後周,由前朝將帥建立,政權短促且多兵變。 |
| 十國 | 由原屬唐朝的節度使建立,多位於長江或珠江流域;政局較穩,重視民生與水利,促進南方經濟與文化發展。 |
| 五代特色 | 武人專政、篡奪頻密、胡人掌政(沙陀人)、邊患威脅(燕雲十六州)等,導致北方經濟衰敗與國防隱患。 |
第2頁 — 十國特色與北宋統一
| 主題 | 重點說明 |
|---|---|
| 十國穩定與發展 | 十國戰亂較少,政局較穩;北方移民南遷帶入技術與勞動力,促進南方經濟(農工商)與文化(印刷、詞畫)。 |
| 陳橋兵變與建宋 | 960年趙匡胤於陳橋兵變黃袍加身,逼恭帝退位,建立宋朝,定都開封(汴京)。 |
| 統一策略 | 宋太祖採「先南後北」策略,最終統一大部分中原,但未能收回燕雲十六州。 |
第3頁 — 宋初國策:強幹弱枝與重文輕武
| 政策 | 內容與影響 |
|---|---|
| 強幹弱枝 | 收回軍權、以禁軍駐京、實行更戍法、中央掌控財政與司法(死刑案件上呈審刑院)。有助防止地方割據、鞏固中央。 |
| 重文輕武 | 廣開科舉、重用文臣、抑制武人復權。促進文化發展但削弱軍事實力。 |
第4頁 — 文人政治的形成與特點
| 項目 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| 形成背景 | 抑制武人、廣開科舉(不問出身、增額取士)、優禮士人(設崇文院、不可隨意殺大臣),促成文人政治。 |
| 特點 | 士人多來自基層、以天下為己任;強調君臣相知;易形成朋黨。 |
| 影響 | 官員與冗官增加、文臣掌軍導致軍事不振、政見分歧易致黨爭。 |
第5頁 — 變法背景:政治、軍事、經濟問題
| 項目 | 問題點 |
|---|---|
| 政治 | 科舉取錄名額大增導致冗官增加,權力分割與行政重疊使效率低下。 |
| 軍事 | 兵員過多與更戍法導致將兵不相熟、戰鬥力下降。 |
| 經濟 | 冗官與冗兵造成龐大開支;對遼、西夏戰敗需歲幣換取和平,致財政赤字。 |
第6頁 — 王安石變法要點與結果
| 範疇 | 主要措施 | 結果 |
|---|---|---|
| 富國 | 方田均稅、農田水利法、青苗法、均輸法、市易法、免役法。 | 提高稅收、穩定物價、短期改善民生;但部分措施推行不當成為擾民。 |
| 育才 | 改革科舉、太學三舍法、廣設學校與專門科目。 | 培養實用人才、強化行政與專業能力。 |
| 強兵 | 裁冗兵、設軍器監、保甲法、置將法、保馬法。 | 改善軍備與地方防務,節省軍費;但改革與保守派對立導致推行受阻,神宗死後多數新法被廢。 |
第7頁 — 新舊黨爭與後果
| 項目 | 要點 |
|---|---|
| 黨爭形成 | 官員因政見相左而結黨,拉攏支持者,朋黨政治於兩宋頻繁出現。 |
| 新黨與舊黨 | 新黨(王安石起用新人推行變法)與舊黨(司馬光等保守派反對變法)交替執政,致新法難以長久施行。 |
| 影響 | 黨爭導致朝政腐敗、排斥異己、削弱國力;最終北宋在面對金人入侵時無力抵抗而亡。 |