What is the process of substituting the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group in alcohols or phenols called?
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It is called substitution by an alkyl or aryl group.
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What is the process of substituting the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group in alcohols or phenols called?
It is called substitution by an alkyl or aryl group.
How can phenols be converted to ethers?
By using phenol as the phenoxide moiety.
What is the effect of the alkoxy group (-OR) on the aromatic ring?
It is ortho, para directing and activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution.
How are monohydric alcohols classified?
According to the hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached.
What indicates the acidic nature of phenols?
Reactions of phenol with metals and sodium hydroxide.
What characterizes tertiary alcohols?
The hydroxyl group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.
What type of alkyl halide gives better results in ether preparation?
Primary alkyl halides.
What mechanism is followed when primary or secondary alkyl groups are present?
The S N 2 mechanism.
How does the structure of phenol affect its acidity compared to alcohols?
The sp² hybridized carbon in phenol withdraws electrons, increasing the polarity of the O–H bond.
How are alcohols produced from Grignard reagents?
By the reaction of Grignard reagents with aldehydes and ketones through nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group, forming an adduct that is hydrolyzed to yield an alcohol.
What makes the phenoxide ion more stable than phenol?
Charge delocalization in phenoxide ion favors its ionization, while phenol has charge separation in its resonance structures.
What type of alcohol is produced when other aldehydes react with Grignard reagents?
Secondary alcohols.
What happens when phenol is heated with zinc dust?
Phenol is converted to benzene.
What is a significant by-product of phenol production from cumene?
Acetone.
What are the two main components of alcohols and phenols?
An alkyl/aryl group and a hydroxyl group.
What determines whether ethanol is dehydrated to ethene or ethoxyethane?
The reaction conditions, specifically temperature.
What happens when alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved?
They yield phenol and an alkyl halide due to the more stable aryl-oxygen bond.
How are the electron pairs arranged in ethers?
Approximately in a tetrahedral arrangement.
How are ethers prepared?
By dehydration of alcohols and Williamson synthesis.
What happens when I⁻ ion attacks an ether?
It breaks the O–CH₃ bond to form CH₃I.
How does anisole react during halogenation?
It undergoes bromination in the presence of bromine in ethanoic acid, even without a catalyst.
How is phenol obtained from chlorobenzene?
By fusing chlorobenzene with NaOH at 623K and 320 atmospheric pressure, followed by acidification of sodium phenoxide.
Why does the reaction follow the S N 1 mechanism with tertiary alkyl groups?
The departure of the leaving group creates a more stable carbocation.
What type of acids are alcohols and phenols classified as?
Brönsted acids.
Which compound is million times more acidic than ethanol?
Phenol.
How is phenol manufactured from cumene?
Cumene is oxidised in the presence of air to cumene hydroperoxide, which is then converted to phenol and acetone by treating with dilute acid.
What is the order of dehydration ease for alcohols?
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary.
What is the order of reactivity of hydrogen halides in the cleavage of ethers?
HI > HBr > HCl.
What is the role of CrO3 in anhydrous medium?
It is used as an oxidizing agent for the isolation of aldehydes.
What do primary alcohols yield upon oxidation with mild oxidizing agents?
Aldehydes.
How do the acidity levels of alcohols compare to water?
Alcohols are weaker acids than water.
What role does anhydrous aluminium chloride play in the Friedel-Crafts reaction?
It acts as a Lewis acid catalyst.
What type of carbon atom is the hydroxyl group attached to in primary alcohols?
To a primary carbon atom.
What is the effect of –OH and –CH3 groups on the position of incoming groups in electrophilic substitution?
They determine the position of the incoming group.
What is formed when phenols react with aqueous sodium hydroxide?
Sodium phenoxides.
What is formed by the protonation of anisole?
Methylphenyl oxonium ion.
What is the reason for the acidic character of alcohols?
The polar nature of the O–H bond.
What are two methods to prepare alcohols from alkenes?
Hydration in the presence of an acid and hydroboration-oxidation reaction.
How can phenols be prepared from haloarenes?
By substitution of the halogen atom with an –OH group.
What is the primary method for worldwide production of phenol?
From cumene.
What primarily determines the properties of alcohols and phenols?
The hydroxyl group.
Which reagent is better for oxidizing primary alcohols to aldehydes in good yield?
Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC).
What is formed in the final step of ethanol dehydration?
Ethene by elimination of a proton.
What is the main product when ethanol is dehydrated at 413 K?
Ethoxyethane.
What does the reaction of water with an alkoxide demonstrate?
Water is a better proton donor (stronger acid) than alcohol.
What happens when secondary and tertiary alkyl halides are used in ether preparation?
Elimination competes over substitution.
What is formed when phenol is treated with bromine water?
2,4,6-tribromophenol as a white precipitate.
What is the major product of the reaction between sodium ethoxide and (CH₃)₃C–Br?
2-methylprop-1-ene.
What are allylic alcohols?
Alcohols where the hydroxyl group is attached to an sp3 hybridised carbon adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.
What are benzylic alcohols?
Alcohols where the hydroxyl group is attached to an sp3 hybridised carbon next to an aromatic ring.
How are alcohols and phenols classified?
On the basis of the number of hydroxyl groups and the hybridization of the carbon atom to which the –OH group is attached.
What is the product of the hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes?
Trialkyl boranes, which are then oxidized to alcohols.
What is the common name for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol?
Picric acid.
What is the first step in the dehydration mechanism of ethanol?
Formation of protonated alcohol.
What products are formed from the cleavage of dialkyl ethers?
Two alkyl halide molecules are formed.
What is the boiling point of methanol?
337 K.
What is the outcome of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction of phenol?
It yields salicylaldehyde.
Why are cresols less acidic than phenol?
Due to the presence of electron-releasing alkyl groups.
What type of bond cleavage occurs in alcohols during certain reactions?
Cleavage of the carbon-oxygen (C–O) bond.
What is the first step in the reaction of an ether with concentrated HI?
Protonation of the ether molecule.
What role does iodide play in the reaction mechanism?
Iodide is a good nucleophile that attacks the least substituted carbon of the oxonium ion.
What type of halide is formed when one of the alkyl groups is tertiary?
A tertiary halide.
What is the main product formed when phenoxide ion reacts with carbon dioxide?
Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid.
How does the reactivity of phenoxide ion compare to phenol in electrophilic aromatic substitution?
Phenoxide ion is more reactive than phenol.
Why is the O–CH3 bond weaker than the O–C6H5 bond in anisole?
Because the carbon of the phenyl group is sp2 hybridized, giving it partial double bond character.
Why is the bond angle in alcohols less than the tetrahedral angle?
Due to the repulsion between the unshared electron pairs of oxygen.
What is the effect of electron-withdrawing groups on the acidity of phenols?
They enhance the acidic strength of phenol, especially when present at ortho and para positions.
What happens to phenols in the presence of air?
They are slowly oxidized to dark colored mixtures containing quinones.
How is methanol primarily produced today?
By catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high pressure and temperature.
Why is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol considered a strong acid?
Due to the presence of three electron-withdrawing –NO2 groups that facilitate the release of hydrogen ions.
Which alcohols are miscible with water in all proportions?
Several lower molecular mass alcohols.
What is the outcome of the Kolbe’s reaction?
It involves the electrolysis of sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids to produce alkenes.
How are carboxylic acids reduced to alcohols?
By using lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) or by converting them to esters followed by catalytic hydrogenation.
What is the Williamson synthesis reaction for 2-ethoxy-3-methylpentane starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol?
The reaction involves the nucleophilic substitution of the ethoxide ion from ethanol with the alkyl halide derived from 3-methylpentan-2-ol.
What is the role of Lewis acid in the halogenation of benzene?
It polarizes the halogen molecule.
What is the major product when using a tertiary alkyl halide in ether preparation?
An alkene, specifically 2-methylpropene.
What do alcohols and phenols react with to yield alkoxides and hydrogen?
Active metals such as sodium, potassium, and aluminium.
What type of reactions occur on the aromatic ring of phenols?
Electrophilic substitution reactions.
How does the –OH group affect the benzene ring in phenols?
It activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution and directs incoming groups to ortho and para positions.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their acid strength: Propan-1-ol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrophenol, phenol, 4-methylphenol.
Propan-1-ol, 4-methylphenol, phenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.
What is the trend in acid strength of alcohols based on substituents?
The acid strength decreases with the presence of electron-releasing groups like –CH3 and –C2H5.
How is phenol commercially produced today?
Synthetically.
What is the carbon–oxygen bond length in phenol?
136 pm.
What is the relationship between pKa value and acid strength?
The greater the pKa value, the weaker the acid.
At what temperature does ethanol dehydrate to ethene?
443 K.
What effect does branching in the carbon chain have on the boiling points of alcohols?
Boiling points decrease with an increase in branching due to decreased van der Waals forces.
What happens to the O–H bond when alcohols react as nucleophiles?
The bond between O–H is broken.
What is the role of the –OH group in alcohols and phenols?
It is involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Give an example of two compounds with comparable molecular masses but different boiling points.
Ethanol and propane.
Why do phenols not react further to give halides?
Because the sp² hybridized carbon of phenol cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution needed for conversion to the halide.
What is the appropriate set of reactants for the preparation of 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene?
Anisole can be used in a Friedel-Crafts reaction with an alkyl halide and acyl halide in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride.
What makes alkoxide ions stronger bases than hydroxide ions?
Alkoxide ions are better proton acceptors than hydroxide ions.
What is the yield of the para isomer obtained from the halogenation of anisole?
90%.
What is the effect of charge distribution in phenol's resonance structures?
It causes the oxygen of the –OH group to be positive, enhancing acidity.
What is the process to convert benzenesulphonic acid to phenol?
Benzene is sulphonated with oleum to form benzene sulphonic acid, which is then converted to sodium phenoxide by heating with molten sodium hydroxide, followed by acidification.
Why are phenols stronger acids than alcohols?
Phenols have higher ionization due to the electronegativity of the sp² hybridized carbon.
How are diazonium salts formed?
By treating an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid (NaNO2 + HCl) at 273-278 K.
How does the stability of alkoxide ions compare to phenoxide ions?
In alkoxide ions, the negative charge is localized on oxygen, while in phenoxide ions, it is delocalized.
What happens to diazonium salts to produce phenols?
Diazonium salts are hydrolysed to phenols by warming with water or treating with dilute acids.
What is the bond angle in alcohols compared to the tetrahedral angle?
Slightly less than the tetrahedral angle (109°).
What type of alcohol is produced when ketones react with Grignard reagents?
Tertiary alcohols.
How can ortho and para isomers of nitrophenol be separated?
By steam distillation.
What is phenol also known as?
Carbolic acid.
In phenols, to which type of carbon is the –OH group attached?
To sp² hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring.
How does borane add to alkenes during hydroboration?
The boron atom attaches to the sp2 carbon with more hydrogen atoms.
What is the reason for the solubility of alcohols and phenols in water?
Their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
What products are formed when phenol is treated with bromine in low polarity solvents at low temperature?
Monobromophenols.
Why do reactions with HBr or HI occur?
Because these reagents are sufficiently acidic.
Why do alcohols act as Bronsted bases?
Due to the presence of unshared electron pairs on oxygen.
What is the outcome of the nitration of anisole?
It yields a mixture of ortho and para nitroanisole.
What happens when HI is in excess and the reaction is at high temperature?
Ethanol reacts with another molecule of HI to form ethyl iodide.
What distinguishes secondary alcohols from primary alcohols?
The hydroxyl group is attached to a secondary carbon atom.
What is the nature of the C-O bonds in ethers?
The C-O bonds in ethers are polar, resulting in a net dipole moment.
How do the boiling points of ethers compare to those of alcohols?
Ethers have lower boiling points than alcohols due to the absence of hydrogen bonding in ethers.
What is the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
It is the reaction where phenol is treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, introducing a –CHO group at the ortho position of the benzene ring.
What is the boiling point of butan-1-ol compared to ethoxyethane?
Butan-1-ol has a boiling point of 390 K, while ethoxyethane has a boiling point of 307.6 K.
What product is formed from the hydrolysis of the intermediate benzal chloride in the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
Salicylaldehyde.
How are alcohols and phenols classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups?
As mono-, di-, tri-, or polyhydric compounds.
Why are ethers miscible with water like alcohols?
Ethers can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, similar to alcohols.
What conditions are required for the cleavage of C-O bonds in ethers?
Cleavage occurs under drastic conditions with excess hydrogen halides.
What is produced when phenol is oxidized with chromic acid?
Benzoquinone, a conjugated diketone.
What strong oxidizing agent is used to convert alcohols directly into carboxylic acids?
Acidified potassium permanganate.
What is methanol also known as?
Wood spirit.
How do electron-releasing groups affect the acidity of phenols?
They generally decrease the acid strength by not favoring the formation of phenoxide ion.
From what are phenols prepared in the laboratory?
From benzene derivatives.
What is the major product of acid-catalyzed dehydration of butan-1-ol?
The major product is typically butene.
What catalysts are commonly used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
Finely divided metals such as platinum, palladium, or nickel.
How do boiling points of alcohols and phenols change with the number of carbon atoms?
They increase with an increase in the number of carbon atoms.
What is the first step in the modern preparation of picric acid from phenol?
Treating phenol with concentrated sulfuric acid to convert it to phenol-2,4-disulphonic acid.
What happens to secondary alcohols during oxidation?
They are oxidized to ketones by chromic anhydride (CrO3).
What is the process of oxidation of alcohols characterized by?
Formation of a carbon-oxygen double bond with cleavage of O-H and C-H bonds.
What is acetylation?
The introduction of an acetyl (CH3CO) group in alcohols or phenols.
How are the positions of –OH groups indicated in alcohol nomenclature?
By using the numbers of carbon atoms to which they are attached.
What type of reaction occurs when forming ethers from alcohols?
A nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (S N 2).
What is the boiling point of ethanol?
351 K.
What happens to the bromine molecule when phenol is treated with it?
The bromine molecule is polarized even in the absence of Lewis acid due to the activating effect of the –OH group.
Why do alkoxides lead to elimination reactions?
Because they are strong nucleophiles and strong bases.
What type of alcohol is produced when methanal reacts with Grignard reagents?
A primary alcohol.
What are the three main classes of compounds discussed in this unit?
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
What is the IUPAC system used for?
To name alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
How are alcohols formed from hydrocarbons?
By replacing a hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
How are ethers classified?
As simple (symmetrical) or mixed (unsymmetrical) based on the similarity of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom.
What is the IUPAC name for methyl alcohol?
Methanol.
How are common names of ethers derived?
From the names of alkyl/aryl groups in alphabetical order, followed by 'ether'.
What is the common name for 1-Methoxypropane?
Methyl n-propyl ether.
What is produced when phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid at low temperature?
A mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.
How do electron-releasing groups affect the acidity of alcohols?
They increase electron density on oxygen, decreasing the polarity of the O-H bond and thus decreasing acid strength.
What primarily causes the high boiling points of alcohols?
The presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
What is the process by which alcohols undergo dehydration?
In the presence of protic acids like H2SO4 or H3PO4.
What is the effect of concentrated nitric acid on phenol?
It converts phenol to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid).
How does the size of alkyl/aryl groups affect the solubility of alcohols?
Solubility decreases with an increase in the size of alkyl/aryl (hydrophobic) groups.
Why are ortho and para nitrophenols more acidic than phenol?
Due to the resonance structures of the corresponding phenoxide ions that stabilize the negative charge.
What is the result of reducing aldehydes and ketones?
Aldehydes yield primary alcohols, while ketones yield secondary alcohols.
What is ethanol obtained from commercially?
Fermentation of sugars.
What happens to a primary alcohol during oxidation?
It is oxidized to an aldehyde, which is then oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
Who first reported the hydroboration-oxidation reaction?
H.C. Brown in 1959.
What is the boiling point comparison of ethers to alkanes?
The boiling points of ethers resemble those of alkanes.
What effect does the –OH group have on the aromatic ring in phenols?
It activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution and directs incoming groups to ortho and para positions.
What is the IUPAC name for o-Cresol?
2-Methylphenol.
What is an example of a symmetrical ether?
Diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5).
What is the common name for 1-Phenoxyheptane?
Heptyl phenyl ether.
What is the effect of electron withdrawing groups on the acidity of phenols?
They increase the acidic strength of phenols.
Which step in the dehydration mechanism is the rate determining step?
Formation of carbocation.
How is the name of an alcohol derived according to the IUPAC system?
By substituting 'e' of the alkane with the suffix 'ol'.
What are the dangers of methanol ingestion?
Can cause blindness and death.
Do tertiary alcohols undergo oxidation reactions?
No, tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation reactions.
What is the naming convention for polyhydric alcohols?
Retain the 'e' of alkane and add 'ol', indicating the number of –OH groups with prefixes like di, tri, etc.
How is ethylene glycol named in IUPAC nomenclature?
As ethane-1,2-diol.
What is the common name for 2-Methylphenol?
o-Cresol.
What happens to tertiary alcohols in the Lucas test?
They produce turbidity immediately as they form halides easily.
What are ethers formed from?
By substituting a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon with an alkoxy or aryloxy group.
What is the common name for CH3OH?
Methyl alcohol.
What distinguishes mixed ethers from symmetrical ethers?
Mixed ethers have different alkyl or aryl groups, while symmetrical ethers have the same groups.
What is the outcome of the hydroboration-oxidation reaction in relation to Markovnikov's rule?
The alcohol formed appears as if water was added in a way opposite to Markovnikov's rule.
What causes the carbon–oxygen bond in phenol to be shorter than in methanol?
Partial double bond character due to conjugation with the aromatic ring and sp² hybridised state of carbon.
What is the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in the reaction with carboxylic acid and acid anhydride?
It facilitates the reaction and helps remove water as soon as it is formed.
Arrange the following in order of increasing boiling points: Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol.
Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol.
What enzymes are involved in the fermentation of sugars to produce ethanol?
Invertase and zymase.
Why are tertiary carbocations easier to form?
They are more stable than secondary and primary carbocations.
How do alcohols react with hydrogen halides?
They form alkyl halides and water.
What types of alcohols can allylic and benzylic alcohols be classified as?
Primary, secondary, or tertiary.
What is a vinylic alcohol?
An alcohol containing an —OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond.
What type of attack does the alkoxide ion perform in Williamson synthesis?
S N 2 attack on primary alkyl halide.
What is the IUPAC name for C2H5OC2H5?
Diethyl ether.
What do alcohols and phenols react with to form esters?
Carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, and acid anhydrides.
What determines the numbering of the longest carbon chain in alcohols?
It is numbered starting at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group.
What is the bond length of C–O in ethers compared to alcohols?
Almost the same (141 pm).
What product is formed from the acetylation of salicylic acid?
Aspirin.
What prestigious award did H.C. Brown receive for his work on boron-containing organic compounds?
The 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
What prefix is used for cyclic alcohols?
Cyclo.
What is the general formula for an alcohol?
One or more hydroxyl (OH) groups directly attached to carbon atoms.
How does the boiling point of alcohols and phenols compare to hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses?
They have higher boiling points.
What occurs when vapors of primary or secondary alcohols are passed over heated copper at 573 K?
Dehydrogenation takes place, forming an aldehyde or a ketone.
What occurs to the C–O bond when alcohols react as electrophiles?
The bond between C–O is broken.
What is another term for oxidation reactions of alcohols?
Dehydrogenation reactions.
What distinguishes the reactivity of different classes of alcohols with HCl?
The Lucas test, which shows varying turbidity based on the class of alcohol.
What are the dihydroxy derivatives of benzene known as?
1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-benzenediol.
What is the IUPAC name for isopropyl alcohol?
Propan-2-ol.
What type of bond connects the oxygen of the –OH group to carbon in alcohols?
A sigma (σ) bond.
What is one method for preparing alcohols from alkenes?
By acid catalysed hydration.
What is the consequence of methanol oxidation in the body?
It produces methanal and then methanoic acid, which may cause blindness and death.
How is a methanol poisoned patient treated?
By giving intravenous infusions of diluted ethanol.
What enzyme is involved in the oxidation of aldehyde to acid?
The enzyme responsible for this reaction is swamped by ethanol, allowing time for kidneys to excrete methanol.
What prefix is added when both alkyl groups are the same in ethers?
The prefix 'di' is added before the alkyl group.
Why was diethyl ether replaced as an inhalation anesthetic?
Due to its slow effect and unpleasant recovery period.
What is the IUPAC name for Ethyl phenyl ether?
Ethoxybenzene.
What happens to the C–O bond in ethers when treated with hydrogen halides?
It can be cleaved.
What rule does the addition reaction of unsymmetrical alkenes follow?
Markovnikov’s rule.
What is the first step in the mechanism of alcohol formation from alkenes?
Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of H₃O⁺.
What is denaturation of alcohol?
Mixing copper sulfate and pyridine to make it unfit for drinking.
How does ethanol affect the central nervous system?
In moderate amounts, it affects judgment and lowers inhibitions; higher concentrations can cause nausea and loss of consciousness.
What is the result of dehydrating alcohols?
They form alkenes.
What properties does aspirin possess?
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
What role do alcohols, phenols, and ethers play in industry?
They are basic compounds for the formation of detergents, antiseptics, and fragrances.
What is the impact of hydroxyl-containing compounds on daily life?
They are essential for products like paper, furniture polish, and textiles.
What is a key requirement for the preparation of ethers from alcohols?
The alkyl group should be primary and unhindered.
Why is bimolecular dehydration not suitable for preparing ethyl methyl ether?
Because elimination competes over substitution in secondary and tertiary alcohols.
What is Williamson synthesis used for?
The preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers.
What is the significance of hydroxyl groups in everyday life?
They are found in many compounds like ethanol, sugar, and cotton, which are essential for daily activities.
What terms are used to describe the positions of substituents in phenols?
Ortho, meta, and para.
How are ethers classified in the IUPAC system?
As hydrocarbon derivatives where a hydrogen atom is replaced by an –OR or –OAr group.
What are the classifications of phenols based on the number of hydroxyl groups?
Mono, di, and trihydric phenols.
What are the structural aspects depicted in Fig. 7.1?
Structures of methanol, phenol, and methoxymethane.
How can the reactions of alcohols and phenols be categorized?
Based on the cleavage of O–H and C–O bonds.
What happens in the second step of the alcohol formation mechanism?
Nucleophilic attack of water on the carbocation.
What is the final step in the mechanism of alcohol formation?
Deprotonation to form an alcohol.
What is the common name for 1,2-benzenediol?
Catechol.
What is the structure of a vinylic alcohol?
CH2=CH–OH.
What happens if the alcohol percentage exceeds 14% during fermentation?
The action of zymase is inhibited.
What is the common name for the simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene?
Phenol.
What is an example of an alcohol mentioned in the text?
Ethanol.
What does the larger (R) group represent in ether nomenclature?
The parent hydrocarbon.
What hybridized orbitals are involved in the bond between carbon and oxygen in alcohols?
An sp³ hybridized orbital of carbon and an sp³ hybridized orbital of oxygen.
What is the boiling point of methoxymethane in relation to ethanol and propane?
It is intermediate between the two boiling points.
What reactants are involved in Williamson synthesis?
An alkyl halide and sodium alkoxide.
What distinguishes phenols from alcohols?
Phenols have -OH groups attached to carbon atoms of an aromatic system, while alcohols have them in an aliphatic system.
What conditions are required for the dehydration of ethanol?
Heating with concentrated H2SO4 at 443 K.
What is the IUPAC name for Dimethyl ether?
Methoxymethane.
