p.2
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What effect does salicylate overdose have on the body?
It causes alterations in acid/base management and impairs renal function.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What acids are produced in the body and where?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach, sulfuric acid in tissues from sulfur-containing amino acids, and acetic and butyric acids from fatty acid metabolism.
p.3
Symptoms of Dehydration
What is a common symptom of a patient with influenza?
A fever of 101.8°F orally.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the concentration of X-NH3+ in the buffer solution?
0.075 M, which is 75% of the overall buffer.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
How does the protonated form of histidine stabilize in ionic interactions?
It is stabilized by interacting with a negatively charged group, making it harder to remove the proton.
p.4
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What role does bicarbonate play in the intestinal lumen during diarrhea?
Bicarbonate is lost, leading to increased secretion by intestinal cells.
p.4
Metabolic Acidosis and Its Consequences
What is the consequence of increased ketone body production on pH?
It can cause a fall in pH due to dissociated acids.
What is the effect of dehydration on urine output?
It typically decreases urine output, but high osmolarity can lead to increased output.
p.1
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What are some physiological buffers in the body?
Bicarbonate, phosphate, and hemoglobin.
p.3
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What role does bicarbonate play in the body?
It is a major intracellular buffer.
p.5
Metabolic Acidosis and Its Consequences
What happens to blood pH in diabetic ketoacidosis?
It decreases, leading to metabolic acidosis.
p.1
Dehydration Causes and Effects
What can cause dehydration in individuals with normal kidney function?
Water dilution due to high concentrations of ketone bodies, glucose, and other solutes in urine (osmotic diuresis).
p.2
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What happens to blood pH during severe metabolic acidosis?
It decreases from 7.5 to 6.5.
p.1
Symptoms of Dehydration
What are common symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration?
Increased thirst, dry mouth, drowsiness, decreased urine output, headache, dry skin, and dizziness.
p.1
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What role do buffers play in the body?
They resist changes in pH when either H+ or OH- is added.
p.3
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is a potential reason for decreased capacity to utilize the bicarbonate buffer system in a patient with severe anemia?
The total amount of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells is decreased.
p.2
Dehydration Causes and Effects
What are the consequences of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
Polydipsia, polyuria, and ketoacidosis.
p.1
Hormonal Regulation of Water Balance
Which hormones help regulate water balance in the body?
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
p.1
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the significance of pH in body fluids?
It is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration and is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
p.5
Hormonal Regulation of Water Balance
How does the body compensate for acidosis?
By increasing the respiratory rate to blow off CO2.
p.5
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What happens to buffering capacity when pH is outside one unit of pKa?
There are insufficient levels of conjugate base or acid to absorb excess protons or hydroxide ions.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What happens when the pH is less than the pKa?
The majority of the buffer will be in the protonated form.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?
It relates the pH of a solution to the concentration of an acid and its conjugate base.
p.1
Influences on Fluid Intake
What factors influence fluid intake in the body?
Availability of fluids and food, thirst, hunger, and the ability to swallow.
p.5
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the chemical reaction that produces carbonic acid from CO2?
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3− + H+.
p.3
Water Distribution in the Body
What type of molecule is primarily responsible for dissipating excess heat in the body?
It is a dipolar molecule.
p.2
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What physiological condition is likely to result in alkalosis?
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents, including HCl.
What mechanisms influence water loss in the body?
Rates of breathing, evaporation, and urinary volume.
p.4
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the effect of vomiting on blood pH?
It tends to increase blood pH and cause alkalosis.
p.5
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What type of acid is methylmalonic acid?
A weak acid with two carboxylic acid groups.
p.5
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What is the effective buffering range for glycine?
pH 1.34 to 3.34 and 8.60 to 10.60.
p.2
Diseases Related to Fluid Imbalance
What leads to Type 1 diabetes?
Lack of insulin production.
p.6
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
What effect does stabilization of the protonated state have on the pKa of histidine?
It results in an apparent increase in the pKa, requiring a higher pH to remove the proton.
p.1
Acid-Base Balance and Buffers
How does water act as a solvent in the body?
It forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules and dissolves many compounds.
p.3
Symptoms of Dehydration
What would a patient in early diabetic ketoacidosis likely exhibit?
Increased respiratory rate.
