What effect does salicylate overdose have on the body?
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It causes alterations in acid/base management and impairs renal function.
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What effect does salicylate overdose have on the body?
It causes alterations in acid/base management and impairs renal function.
What acids are produced in the body and where?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach, sulfuric acid in tissues from sulfur-containing amino acids, and acetic and butyric acids from fatty acid metabolism.
What process generates additional CO2 leading to increased acidity?
Hypercatabolism.
What is a common symptom of a patient with influenza?
A fever of 101.8°F orally.
What is the concentration of X-NH3+ in the buffer solution?
0.075 M, which is 75% of the overall buffer.
How does the protonated form of histidine stabilize in ionic interactions?
It is stabilized by interacting with a negatively charged group, making it harder to remove the proton.
What role does bicarbonate play in the intestinal lumen during diarrhea?
Bicarbonate is lost, leading to increased secretion by intestinal cells.
What is the primary transporter of molecules and heat in the body?
Water.
What condition can result from hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What is the major source of metabolic acid in the body?
Carbon dioxide.
What is the consequence of increased ketone body production on pH?
It can cause a fall in pH due to dissociated acids.
What is the normal blood pH?
7.4.
What is the effect of dehydration on urine output?
It typically decreases urine output, but high osmolarity can lead to increased output.
What is a likely consequence of ammonia absorption in the bloodstream?
A decrease of blood pH.
What percentage of body weight is water?
Approximately 60%.
What are some physiological buffers in the body?
Bicarbonate, phosphate, and hemoglobin.
What enzyme combines CO2 with H2O to form carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase.
What role does bicarbonate play in the body?
It is a major intracellular buffer.
What happens to blood pH in diabetic ketoacidosis?
It decreases, leading to metabolic acidosis.
At what pH value would glycine be an effective buffer?
At pH 6.0.
What is methylmalonate best described as?
A strong acid.
What happens to the pKa of histidine's ionizable group when it forms an ionic interaction with a negatively charged group?
It decreases.
What can cause dehydration in individuals with normal kidney function?
Water dilution due to high concentrations of ketone bodies, glucose, and other solutes in urine (osmotic diuresis).
At what pH are carboxylic acid groups typically 50% dissociated?
At their pKa value.
Which buffer has the greatest buffering capacity near normal blood pH?
Carbonic acid.
What happens to blood pH during severe metabolic acidosis?
It decreases from 7.5 to 6.5.
What are common symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration?
Increased thirst, dry mouth, drowsiness, decreased urine output, headache, dry skin, and dizziness.
What role do buffers play in the body?
They resist changes in pH when either H+ or OH- is added.
What is a potential reason for decreased capacity to utilize the bicarbonate buffer system in a patient with severe anemia?
The total amount of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells is decreased.
What are the consequences of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
Polydipsia, polyuria, and ketoacidosis.
At pH 8.0, what percentage of the buffer is in the acid form?
25%.
Which hormones help regulate water balance in the body?
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What is the significance of pH in body fluids?
It is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration and is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
How does the body compensate for acidosis?
By increasing the respiratory rate to blow off CO2.
What happens to buffering capacity when pH is outside one unit of pKa?
There are insufficient levels of conjugate base or acid to absorb excess protons or hydroxide ions.
What happens when the pH is less than the pKa?
The majority of the buffer will be in the protonated form.
What acid is carbon dioxide enzymatically converted to?
Carbonic acid.
What condition results from the accumulation of protons in the blood?
Acidosis.
What percentage of bicarbonate is associated at the pH of the blood?
50%.
What electrolyte might be imbalanced in a patient treated with hydrochlorothiazide?
K+ (Potassium).
What is the pKa of water?
7.0.
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?
It relates the pH of a solution to the concentration of an acid and its conjugate base.
What factors influence fluid intake in the body?
Availability of fluids and food, thirst, hunger, and the ability to swallow.
What is the chemical reaction that produces carbonic acid from CO2?
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3− + H+.
What type of molecule is primarily responsible for dissipating excess heat in the body?
It is a dipolar molecule.
What enzyme helps convert CO2 to carbonic acid in red blood cells?
Carbonic anhydrase.
What physiological condition is likely to result in alkalosis?
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents, including HCl.
What mechanisms influence water loss in the body?
Rates of breathing, evaporation, and urinary volume.
What is the effect of vomiting on blood pH?
It tends to increase blood pH and cause alkalosis.
What type of acid is methylmalonic acid?
A weak acid with two carboxylic acid groups.
What are the major extracellular electrolytes?
Na+, Cl−, and HCO3−.
What is the effective buffering range for glycine?
pH 1.34 to 3.34 and 8.60 to 10.60.
What leads to Type 1 diabetes?
Lack of insulin production.
What is the pKa of the buffer with a free amino group?
8.5.
What effect does stabilization of the protonated state have on the pKa of histidine?
It results in an apparent increase in the pKa, requiring a higher pH to remove the proton.
How does water act as a solvent in the body?
It forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules and dissolves many compounds.
What condition is a patient with panic attacks and hyperventilation likely experiencing?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What would a patient in early diabetic ketoacidosis likely exhibit?
Increased respiratory rate.
