What is the tibia commonly known as?
Click to see answer
The shinbone.
Click to see question
What is the tibia commonly known as?
The shinbone.
What bones are part of the hindfoot?
Talus and calcaneus.
How many tarsal bones are there?
7 tarsal bones.
Which cuneiform is the largest?
1st cuneiform.
Why is the lateromedial projection of the foot considered uncomfortable?
It is considered to be the true lateral foot projection.
What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the dorsoplantar projection of the foot?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What is the position of the patient for the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
Standing upright.
What joint is demonstrated in medial oblique projections?
Proximal tibiofibular joint.
How should the unaffected foot be positioned during the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
Placed one step forward.
How far should the image receptor (IR) extend beyond the joints for the leg AP projection?
1 to 1 ½ inches.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the Pelvic Inlet View?
Perpendicular to 1½ inches superior to the pubic symphysis.
What bones compose the upper pelvis?
Pelvic bone and proximal part of the femur.
Which bones are joined by the knee?
The thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia).
What position should the patient be in for the Pelvic Inlet View using the Bridgeman Method?
Supine position.
What positions can the patient be in for the leg AP projection?
Sitting or supine position.
What is the positioning of the patient for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
The patient stands upright with the IR adjusted under the foot, centered to the long axis of the foot.
Which joint is best demonstrated in the ankle mediolateral projection?
The tibiotalar joint.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the PA projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP joint.
What is the significance of the intercondyloid fossa?
It serves as an attachment point for ligaments and plays a role in knee joint stability.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Kite method?
Perpendicular midway between the tarsals (Bilateral).
What is the patellofemoral joint?
The joint where the back of the patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone) meet at the front of the knee.
What is the anatomical term for the upper part of the femur?
Proximal femur.
How does the shape of the male pelvis differ from the female pelvis?
The male pelvis is more heart-shaped, while the female pelvis is more oval-shaped.
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body?
The patella.
What is the degree of medial rotation required for a true AP projection of the leg?
5°.
What is the shape of the pelvis?
Basin-shaped.
What does the lower extremity refer to?
The part of the body from the hip to the toes.
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the 2nd to 5th digits?
Lateral recumbent on the affected side.
What is the patient position for the Kite method in club foot AP projection?
Supine position.
What is the Rosenberg method used for?
To assess the knee in weight-bearing standing flexion.
What does the Camp Coventry method demonstrate?
The intercondyloid fossa.
What is the role of the ischium?
One of the bones that helps form the hip.
What is the primary function of the patella?
To protect the anterior aspect of the knee joint.
What anatomical structures are best visualized in the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
The medial condyle of the femur and the tibial plateau.
What is the patient position for the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method?
Semi-prone position.
What is the patient position for the Holmblad method?
Kneeling position.
What is the patient position for the Holly method?
Supine or sitting position.
What is the significance of the female pelvis structure?
It is adapted for childbirth, allowing for a wider birth canal.
What is the recommended knee flexion angle for the Sunrise/Skyline view of the patellofemoral joint?
40° - 45°.
What is the knee joint?
One of the largest and most complex joints in the body.
What does the inversion stress study demonstrate?
Possible lateral ligament tear.
What is the acetabulum?
The socket of the hip joint where the femur fits.
What is the central ray (CR) position for the lateromedial projection of the ankle?
Perpendicular to ½ inch superior to the lateral malleolus.
What is the purpose of the Axiolateral Inferosuperior Projection (Danelius-Miller Method)?
To obtain a cross-table or surgical lateral projection of the hip joint.
What part of the hip bone does the pubis represent?
The lower, posterior part of the hip bone.
What type of projection is used in the Teufel method?
Oblique projection.
What is the recommended leg position for the Danelius-Miller Method?
Invert the leg 15-20 degrees.
What important structures are housed in the intercondylar fossa?
Cruciate ligaments and meniscofemoral ligaments.
What is a key advantage of the PA projection for demonstrating toe joints?
Well demonstrated IP joint spaces due to the natural divergence of the x-ray beam.
What is the sacrum?
A spade-shaped bone formed by the fusion of 5 originally separate sacral vertebrae.
What is the purpose of the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
To visualize the femoral neck and detect fractures or abnormalities.
What is the patient position for the Lewis method of imaging the sesamoid bone?
Prone position.
What type of knee flexion is involved in the Rosenberg method?
Flexion.
What does a true lateral projection of the knee demonstrate?
The posterior borders of the femoral condyles directly superimposed.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Isherwood method?
10° cephalad to 1 inch distal and 1 inch anterior to the lateral malleolus.
What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the ankle mediolateral projection?
Perpendicular to the medial malleolus.
What is the degree of lateral rotation for the subtalar joint axial oblique projection?
45 degrees.
What angle should the pubic arch be in for the Pelvic Inlet View?
Vertical position.
What is the intercondylar fossa?
A groove at the distal end of the femur.
What position is the infant held in during the Kandel method for clubfoot?
Vertical or bending forward position.
What is the rotation angle for lateral oblique projections of the leg?
45° laterally.
What is the primary purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To visualize the ankle joint and assess its alignment and integrity.
At what angle should the beam be directed in the Causton method?
40° toward the heel.
What position should the patient be in for the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection Staunig Method?
Prone.
What is the most complex joint in the human body?
The knee joint.
Which bones make up the ankle joint above the calcaneus?
The tibia and fibula.
What is the angle of the central ray for the exposure of the hind foot or calcaneus?
25° anteriorly to the posterior surface of the ankle, emerging at the level of the plantar surface at the lateral malleolus.
What does the pelvic outlet view help to visualize?
The pelvic outlet and its structures.
Which part of the femur connects to the hip joint?
The proximal femur.
What is essential for achieving a true lateral projection of the knee?
No rotation of the knee.
Where should the CR be positioned for the Ankle AP Stress Study?
Perpendicular to midway between the malleoli.
What is the patient position for the Pelvic Inlet View using the Lilienfeld Method?
Sitting position, leaning backward at 45°-50°.
What is the preferred name for the AP projection of the foot?
Dorsoplantar.
What does the pelvis support?
The spinal column.
What are the alternative names for the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Innominate bones, pelvic bones, or coxal bones.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the subtalar joint projection?
15° cephalad to 2 cm below and in front of the medial malleolus.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the PIP joint.
What anatomical structure is the focus of the Beclere method?
The intercondyloid fossa.
What is the CR angle used in the Kandel method for clubfoot?
40° anteriorly through the lower leg.
What is the purpose of angling the CR 10°-15° posteriorly in the AP axial projection?
To open up the joint space.
What is the angle of lateral rotation for the leg in the AP oblique projection for the 4th and 5th digits?
30° - 45° from the plane of the IR.
How should the unaffected limb be positioned during the Axiolateral Projection?
Roll the unaffected limb posteriorly 10 degrees.
What is the patient position for the Kuchendorf method?
Prone position.
How does the patella enhance the function of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
By acting as a pivot to increase leverage.
What does the 15° angle of the CR demonstrate in the Kite method?
True relationship and ossification centers of the tarsals.
What is the central ray direction in the Beclere method?
Perpendicular to the intercondyloid fossa.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral pelvis projection?
Perpendicular to the level of soft tissue depression 2 inches above the greater trochanter.
What is the knee flexion angle required in the Holmblad method?
70°.
What common injury is associated with the patellofemoral joint?
'Runner's knee.'
What is the recommended knee position for the lateral projection of the foot mediolateral?
Flex the knee of the affected limb about 45 degrees.
What anatomical feature is open in the Knee AP projection?
Femorotibial joint space.
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the 1st and 2nd digits?
Lateral recumbent on the unaffected side.
What does the eversion stress study demonstrate?
Possible medial ligament tear.
Where is the intercondyloid fossa located?
Between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
Why is the lateromedial projection of the ankle considered the true lateral projection?
Because it accurately represents the lateral aspect of the ankle.
Which joints are included in the lower extremity?
The hip, knee, and ankle joints.
What does the Bridgeman Method demonstrate?
An axial projection of the pelvic ring or inlet in its entirety.
What is the Leonard-George method also known as?
The reverse Danelius-Miller method.
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The posterior talar articular surface.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Danelius-Miller Method?
Perpendicular to the femoral neck.
What bones articulate at the subtalar joint?
The talus and calcaneus.
What is the initial position of the infant for the lateral projection using the Kite method?
The infant is placed on his or her side in a near lateral position.
What is the position of the patient for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
Standing erect with full weight evenly distributed on both feet.
When is the Axiolateral Inferosuperior Projection commonly used?
For trauma, surgery, post-surgery, or patients who cannot move or rotate the affected leg.
What is the patient position for the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method?
Upright position.
What is the rotation angle for the leg if the knee is included in the femur AP projection?
5°.
At what angle should the knee be flexed for the Kuchendorf method?
35° - 40°.
Where does the beam exit in the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection?
At the pubic symphysis at the level of the greater trochanter.
Where does the quadriceps femoris tendon attach?
To the tibial tuberosity of the lower leg.
What is the position of the leg and foot in the Isherwood method for the subtalar joint?
Rotate leg and foot medially on a 30° wedge foam.
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The middle talar articular surface.
What is the patient position for the Camp Coventry method?
Prone position.
What part of the femur connects to the hip joint?
The upper (proximal) end.
What is the knee flexion angle for the Camp Coventry method?
40° - 50°.
What are the two main components of the proximal end of the femur?
Head and Neck.
How should the opposite foot be positioned during the exposure of the forefoot?
The opposite foot should be placed one step backward.
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the pelvis?
Lateral recumbent position.
What is a key difference between the male and female pelvis?
The female pelvis is generally wider and has a larger pelvic inlet compared to the male pelvis.
How should the ankle joint be positioned for an AP projection?
In a true AP position by flexing the ankle and foot with a 5-degree medial rotation of the leg and foot.
In lateral oblique projections, how is the fibula positioned?
Superimposed by the lateral portion of the tibia.
What structures are best visualized in an ankle mortise projection?
The tibia, fibula, and talus, particularly the joint space between them.
What does the Kandel method demonstrate?
Sustentaculum talar joint fusion.
What is the purpose of the Lauenstein method in hip imaging?
To obtain a lateral projection of the hip joint.
What are tangential projections used to demonstrate?
Vertical fractures of the patella and to investigate the articulating surfaces of the femoropatellar articulation.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the AP oblique projection?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP joint.
What is the primary purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To visualize the ankle joint and assess its alignment and integrity.
What should be done with the uppermost limb during the Kite method?
Flex the uppermost limb, draw it forward, and hold it in place.
In which imaging technique is the Taylor method applied?
In radiographic imaging of the pelvis.
What anatomical space should be visible in the ankle joint AP projection?
The tibiotalar joint space.
What is the purpose of the AP oblique projection of the toes?
To provide a different perspective than that of the AP.
What does the patella provide an attachment point for?
Both the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament.
What is the plural form of ilium?
Ilia.
What are the three bones that make up the anterior pelvic bones?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
What is the patient position for the PA projection of the toes?
Patient is prone on the x-ray table with the dorsal aspect in contact with the IR.
What is the Beclere method used for?
To obtain radiographic images of the intercondyloid fossa.
What is the Taylor method used for?
It is used for the pelvic outlet view in AP axial projection.
What organs does the pelvis protect?
Abdominal organs.
What is the angle of the central ray for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
15° posteriorly to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What is the purpose of the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
To visualize the femoral neck and assess for fractures or abnormalities.
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) for the Kite method?
15° posteriorly.
Where is the beam directed in the Causton method?
To the prominence of the 1st MTP joint.
What is the acetabulum?
The cup-shaped socket on the lateral aspect of the pelvis.
What is the angle of the beam in the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection?
35 degrees cephalad.
What is the patient position for the Knee AP projection?
Sitting or supine position.
What projection is recommended for a patient with clubfoot?
Dorsoplantar axial projection.
What is the primary use of the lateromedial oblique projection of the calcaneus?
To diagnose stress fractures of the calcaneus and tuberosity.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
15° posteriorly to the mid-point between feet at the level of the base of the metatarsal.
What is the function of the hip bone?
To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement.
What are sesamoids?
Two pea-shaped bones located in the ball of the foot beneath the big toe joint.
What is the medical term for clubfoot?
Talipes Equinovarus.
What position should the patient be in for a lateral projection of the femur?
Lateral recumbent position.
What degree of adduction does the Kite method demonstrate?
The degree of adduction of the forefoot.
What is the patient position for the Beclere method?
Supine position.
Where is the patella located?
Anterior to the knee joint within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
What is the ilium?
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.
What is observed regarding the proximal tibia in the Knee AP projection?
Proximal tibia overlaps on the head of the fibula.
What is the ilium?
The broad, flaring portion of the hip bone (the crest of the pelvis).
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) in the Bridgeman Method?
40 degrees caudad to ASIS.
What is the patient position for the Causton method?
Lateral recumbent position.
What is the central ray (CR) direction for the AP projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP, or 10°-15° posteriorly if using a wedge.
Where does the CR enter in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
At the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What is the patient position for the ilium PA oblique projections?
Prone position.
What type of projection is the pelvic outlet view?
AP axial projection.
What type of projection is used in the Camp Coventry method?
PA axial projection.
What is the positioning requirement for the Beclere method?
The patient is positioned supine with the knee flexed.
What is the primary function of the subtalar joint?
To allow for inversion and eversion of the foot.
What activities involve the patellofemoral joint?
Climbing, walking on an incline, and several other knee movements.
What are the main components of the hip bone?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Which joint spaces are best demonstrated in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
TMT joint spaces of the midfoot.
What does the modified Cleaves bilateral projection focus on?
It focuses on the femoral neck and hip joints bilaterally.
What is the patient position for the Settegast method?
Prone position.
What degree of inversion does the Kite method demonstrate?
The degree of inversion of the calcaneus.
What position should the patient be in for the Teufel method?
Semi-prone position on the affected side.
How far is the femoral neck located from the midpoint of the ASIS and symphysis pubis line?
Approximately 2.5 inches distal and at a right angle.
What is the purpose of the Beclere method in radiography?
To visualize the knee joint and assess for pathology.
What is the central ray (CR) direction for the lateral projection of the foot mediolateral?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What is the purpose of the Ankle AP Stress Study?
To demonstrate possible ligament tear or rupture.
What is the primary indication for the Knee AP projection?
Trauma and degenerative disease.
How should the femoral epicondyles be positioned for a true AP projection?
They should be parallel to the image receptor (IR).
What is the rotation angle for medial oblique projections of the leg?
45° medially.
What is the intercondyloid fossa?
A deep notch located between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
What is the position of the foot and ankle in the Isherwood method for the subtalar joint?
The lateral side of the foot and ankle rests on a 30° wedge foam.
What does the ankle mediolateral projection best demonstrate?
Anterior or posterior displacements of bony structures.
What does the Teufel method refer to?
An oblique projection technique used to visualize the acetabulum.
What is the CR angle for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
10° posteriorly towards the calcaneus.
What is the angle for internal rotation of the foot in the Leonard-George method?
15 – 20 degrees.
What is the largest tarsal bone in the foot?
The calcaneus (heel bone).
What is the angle of the central ray in the Isherwood method?
10° cephalad to 1 inch distal to the medial malleolus.
What is the largest sesamoid in the body?
The patella.
What position should the patient be in for the Axiolateral Projection Friedman Method?
Lateral recumbent on the affected side.
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
45° anteriorly to the posterior surface of the flexed ankle.
What is the primary purpose of the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
To visualize the knee joint and surrounding structures in a specific oblique angle.
What is a drawback of the lateromedial projection of the ankle?
It is uncomfortable for the patient.
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) in the lateromedial oblique projection of the calcaneus?
45° caudal angle medially.
What position is the patient in during the Rosenberg method?
Weight-bearing standing position.
What bones are part of the lower extremity?
The bones of the thigh, leg, and foot.
At what level should the CR be directed during the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
At the level of the base of the 5th metatarsal.
What is the purpose of the 10° posterior angulation in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
To place the CR more perpendicular to the metatarsals, reducing foreshortening.
Where is the femoral head located?
At the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
What is another name for the intercondylar fossa?
Intercondylar notch.
Where should the cassette be placed in the Leonard-George method?
In a vertical position well up between the thigh and centered to the crease of the groin of the affected side.
What is the angle of medial rotation for the leg in the AP oblique projection for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd digits?
30° - 45° from the plane of the IR.
Where is the calcaneus located?
At the back of the foot (hindfoot).
What is the purpose of the axial projection in imaging?
To obtain a view of the acetabulum from a specific angle.
What is the patient position for the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Erect position.
How should the pelvis be positioned for a true lateral projection?
In true lateral position.
How much should the unaffected side be elevated for the RAO and LAO positions?
40 degrees.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the ankle joint AP projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint, midway between the two malleoli.
How should weight be distributed during the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Equally distributed on both feet.
How is the subtalar joint classified structurally?
As a synovial joint.
How much should the unaffected side be elevated in the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method?
40-45 degrees.
What is the patella commonly known as?
The kneecap.
Where are sesamoid bones commonly found?
In areas of high mechanical stress, such as the hands and feet.
What is the AP Oblique Projection?
A radiographic technique used to visualize specific anatomical structures at an angle.
What is the patient position for the PA projection of the patella?
Prone position.
What position should the patient be in for a lateral knee projection?
Lateral recumbent.
What type of projection is used in the Lauenstein method?
Lateral projection.
What is the central ray (CR) position for the ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular midway between the malleoli.
What is the first variation from normal alignment in Talipes Equinovarus?
Equinus - plantar flexion and inversion of the calcaneus.
What is the primary function of the pelvis?
It serves as a base for the trunk and a girdle for the attachment of the lower limbs.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Beclere method?
Perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia, ½ inch below the patellar apex.
What type of projection does the Kuchendorf method produce?
A slightly oblique PA projection of the patella.
What does the Holmblad method demonstrate?
Loose bodies in the joint and the intercondyloid fossa.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the medial oblique projection?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal (MT).
What is the position of the foot in the Isherwood method for medial rotation?
The medial border of the foot rests on a 45° wedge foam.
What is the third variation in Talipes Equinovarus?
Supination - elevation of the medial border of the foot.
What is the significance of the patella in movement?
It enhances the efficiency of the quadriceps muscle during knee extension.
What is the patient position for the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
Supine position.
What is the patient position for the Lauenstein and Hickey methods?
Supine position.
Why should the knee not be flexed more than 10° in a lateral projection?
To prevent fragment separation in new or unhealed patellar fractures.
What is another name for the hip bone?
Os coxae or innominate bone.
What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Broden method?
10°, 20°, 30°, or 40° cephalad to 2 cm below the lateral malleolus.
What anatomical feature should be in profile during the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
Tibial tuberosity.
What is the purpose of elevating the unaffected side during iliac projections?
To place the affected ilium parallel with the plane of the IR.
What is the significance of placing a 15° wedge under the foot during the AP projection?
It allows for a 15° angle to the CR directed to the 3rd MTP.
What are sesamoid bones?
Small, round bones that are embedded within a tendon.
What is the recommended patient position for an ankle mortise projection?
The patient should be seated or supine with the leg extended and the foot dorsiflexed.
What is the angle of rotation for the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
30° - 45° to the plane of the IR.
What is the purpose of elevating the unaffected side in ilium projections?
To place the affected ilium perpendicular with the plane of the IR.
What is the recommended angle of rotation for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Approximately 45 degrees medially.
What is the position of the patient for the foot lateral projection weight bearing method?
The patient should stand erect with weight evenly distributed.
What is the central ray location for an ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint, midway between the malleoli.
How should the infant's toes be held during the Kite method?
With tape or a protected hand.
What degree should the knee be flexed in the Settegast method?
90 degrees.
What is the central ray direction for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular to the knee joint at the level of the tibial plateau.
Where should the X-ray beam be directed in the foot lateral projection?
To a point just above the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
Why are oblique projections used in femoral neck imaging?
To provide a clearer view of the femoral neck and reduce superimposition.
What is the purpose of the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
To best demonstrate the 1st and 2nd metatarsals and the navicular bone.
What does 'AP' stand for in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Anteroposterior.
What are the main components of the proximal femur?
The head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters.
Which method is specifically designed for better visualization of the hip joint?
Both the Lauenstein and Hickey methods.
What is the second method to locate the femoral neck?
The femoral neck is 1-2 inches medial and 3-4 inches distal to the ASIS.
In which imaging technique is the Judet Method commonly used?
In the AP Oblique Projection.
Why is the weight-bearing position important in knee imaging?
It helps to visualize joint space narrowing and other pathologies that may not be evident in non-weight-bearing views.
What is the function of the head of the proximal femur?
To articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming the hip joint.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
½ inch inferior to the patellar apex on average patient.
What type of joint is formed at the hip bone?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What are the purposes of flexing the knee 20° - 30°?
What is the significance of the neck of the femur?
It connects the head to the shaft and is a common site for fractures.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the knee AP lateral oblique projection?
Perpendicular to ½ inch inferior to the patellar apex on an average patient.
What is the required leg and foot rotation for the Broden method?
45 degrees medially.
What anatomical feature of the 5th metatarsal is well seen in the medial oblique projection?
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
Where should the upper border of the IR be placed for the pelvis AP projection?
1 - 1½ inches above the iliac crest.
Where does the central ray enter in the lateromedial oblique projection?
At the lateral malleolus.
What does the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method demonstrate?
The calcaneotalar coalition.
What is the largest joint in the human body?
The knee joint.
Where is the subtalar joint located?
Between the talus and calcaneus bones in the foot.
What angle should the unaffected side be elevated for iliac projections?
40 degrees.
What does the acetabulum articulate with?
The head of the femur.
What anatomical structure is primarily assessed in the femoral neck projections?
The femoral neck.
How much should the leg be rotated medially for the Knee AP projection?
3° - 5°.
What is the angle from the horizontal to the patellofemoral space in the Sunrise/Skyline view?
30°.
What is the primary function of the patella?
To protect the knee joint and improve the leverage of the thigh muscles.
What is the desired view of the ilium in the projections?
Ilium in profile.
What does the Merchant method demonstrate?
Subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
What does 'KEEP CALM' suggest?
To maintain composure in stressful situations.
What joint space is evaluated in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Tibio-femoral joint space of the knees.
What is the angle of rotation for the medial oblique projection of the foot?
30° - 45° medially to the plane of the IR.
What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Knee AP projection?
5° - 7° cephalad to ½ inch inferior to patellar apex.
What two bones comprise the hip joint?
The femur and the pelvis.
What type of bone is the patella?
A sesamoid bone.
What condition is best demonstrated by the foot lateral projection weight bearing method?
Pes planus or flat foot.
What type of projection is the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
Axial projection of the calcaneus.
What is the Broden method used for?
To demonstrate the subtalar joint, specifically the posterior articular facet of the calcaneus.
What is the purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To evaluate pathology of the entire ankle mortise.
What is the name of the modification used for the axiolateral projection of the hip joint?
Clements-Nakayama modification.
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the Judet Method?
2 inches inferior to ASIS.
What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
Bony prominences on the proximal femur that serve as attachment points for muscles.
What anatomical feature is best demonstrated in the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
Sustentaculum tali.
What joint space is best demonstrated in the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Open proximal tibio-fibular joint space.
Where should the central ray (CR) enter the patient for this projection?
At the level 1 inch superior to the symphysis pubis.
Where should the central ray (CR) be positioned for the Ankle AP Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular midway between the malleoli.
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) in the Hickey method?
20° - 25° cephalad.
What do the Lauenstein and Hickey methods demonstrate?
The hip joint and the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Rosenberg method?
½ inch below the patellar apex.
In which patients is this projection contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
What is the patient position for the Hughston method of the patello-femoral tangential projection?
Prone position.
What does the term 'original Cleaves bilateral projection' refer to?
A specific radiographic technique used to view both femoral necks simultaneously.
What is the first method to locate the femoral head and neck?
Determine the midpoint of a line between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis.
What is the patient position for the Merchant method of the patello-femoral tangential projection?
Supine position.
What is the significance of weight-bearing in knee assessments?
It helps to evaluate the knee joint under functional load.
What movements are facilitated by the subtalar joint?
Inversion, eversion, and some degree of rotation.
What is the CR (central ray) positioning for the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method?
Perpendicular midway between the posterior surface of the iliac and the dislocated femoral head.
What is the patient position for the Mediolateral Oblique Projection Lilienfeld Method?
Lateral recumbent position on the affected side.
What is the degree of knee flexion required for the Merchant method?
40° (can range from 30° to 90°).
What should be parallel to the image receptor (IR) in a Knee AP projection?
Femoral epicondyles.
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
A synovial joint.
What does the Kite method demonstrate?
Anterior talar subluxation and the degree of plantar flexion (equinus).
Which is the most well-known sesamoid bone in the human body?
The patella (kneecap).
What does the foot lateral projection weight bearing method demonstrate?
The structural status of the longitudinal arches under full weight bearing.
What is the external rotation angle for the leg in a knee AP lateral oblique projection?
45° externally.
What is a major disadvantage of the Hughston method?
Image distortion due to film-body part-beam alignment.
Where should the CR be directed in the Merchant method?
Midway between the patella at the level of the patellofemoral joint.
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) for the Clements-Nakayama modification?
15° - 20° posteriorly and perpendicular to the femoral neck.
What is the angle of rotation for the foot and heel in the medial oblique projection?
30° medially.
What is the significance of 'PASS THE RETDEM'?
It emphasizes the goal of successfully completing the RETDEM.
Which metatarsal bases should be free of superimposition in the medial oblique projection?
3rd to 5th metatarsal bases.
What is a key characteristic of the AP Oblique Projection?
It involves positioning the patient at an angle to the X-ray beam.
What does the PA projection of the patella best demonstrate?
Patellar fracture.
What is the CR variation for a thick thigh and buttocks (> 24 cm)?
3° - 5° caudad.
What interspaces are demonstrated by rotating the foot and heel laterally 20°?
Interspaces between the 2nd & 3rd, 3rd & 4th, and 4th & 5th metatarsals.
How should the patella appear in a lateral projection?
In profile.
What is the most widely used term for the hip bone?
Hip bone.
What does the Broden method best demonstrate?
The anterior and posterior talocalcaneal articulations.
What is the same as the AP medial oblique projection?
Cuboid.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the lateral calcaneus projection?
Perpendicular to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the medial malleolus (subtalar joint).
What is the significance of the femoral neck in this projection?
It is shown without superimposition of the greater trochanter.
What is notable about the 5th metatarsal?
It presents a prominent tuberosity.
What is the typical patient positioning for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
The patient is positioned supine with the knee extended and rotated medially.
What is the anatomical position of the femoral neck?
It is located just below the femoral head, connecting the head to the femoral shaft.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the Axiolateral Projection Friedman Method?
35 degrees cephalad to the femoral neck.
What is clubfoot?
A deformity where an infant's foot is turned inward, often with the bottom facing sideways or upward.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
½ inch below the patellar apex.
What is the patient position for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Sitting or supine position.
What are the three main components of the knee joint?
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal (MT).
What is the main message of the phrase 'KEEP CALM, DO YOUR BEST AND PASS THE RETDEM'?
To remain calm, put in effort, and succeed in the RETDEM.
What condition is best demonstrated using the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Osteoarthritis.
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
To protect tendons from stress and wear.
How much should the leg be rotated for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
45° medially.
At what angle should the knee be flexed for a lateral femur projection?
45 degrees.
How should the upper side be positioned during the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Roll the upper side forward 15 degrees to separate the pelvis.
What position should the patient be in for a lateral projection of the patella?
Lateral recumbent position.
What is the patient position for the pelvis AP projection?
Supine position.
What is a disadvantage of the Sunrise/Skyline method?
Holding or supporting the cassette if the patient cannot cooperate fully.
What position should the patient be in for the AP Oblique Projection Judet Method?
Semi supine position.
What is the angle of the cephalad projection for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method for females?
30 - 45 degrees cephalad.
What comparison does the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method allow?
Side-to-side comparison of the ankle joint.
What angle do the femoral epicondyles form with the plane of the image receptor?
45°.
When should the Settegast method not be attempted?
Until a lateral projection has been done to rule out transverse fracture.
What is the most common oblique projection of the knee?
Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection.
What anatomical feature does the Teufel method best demonstrate?
Fovea capitis and particularly the superoposterior wall of the acetabulum.
What is the direction and degree of the central ray (CR) for a lateral knee projection?
5° - 7° cephalad, 1 inch distal to the medial condyle.
What anatomical feature is best demonstrated in the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Lateral femoral condyle.
When is the Clements-Nakayama projection performed?
When both routine lateral and axiolateral projections are contraindicated, such as in patients with bilateral hip arthroplasty.
How does the PA projection of the patella compare to the routine AP knee in terms of detail?
Provides better detail.
What is the patient position for the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
Supine position.
What does the Internal Oblique position visualize?
Suspected fracture in the iliopubic column and posterior rim of acetabulum.
At what angle should the thighs be abducted for the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
45 degrees from the vertical.
How is the sesamoid bone projected in the Causton method?
Axiolaterally with a slight overlap.
What is the required knee flexion angle for the Hughston method?
50° - 60° (55°).
Which pelvis has a more pronounced sacrum?
The male pelvis has a more pronounced sacrum compared to the female pelvis.
What is the Settegast method used for?
To demonstrate subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
What is the fibula?
The smaller bone in the lower leg.
What is the direction and angle of the central ray (CR) in the Kuchendorf method?
25° - 30° caudad to the joint space between the patella and femoral condyles.
How much should the patient lean forward during the Holmblad method?
20°.
What is the difference in the pelvic arch between males and females?
The pelvic arch is wider in females than in males.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method?
Perpendicular to the center of the image receptor (IR).
What is the function of the greater and lesser trochanters?
They serve as attachment points for muscles.
What is the patient position for the Foot PA Plantodorsal Oblique Grashey Method?
Prone position.
How should the femoral epicondyles be positioned relative to the IR?
Perpendicular to the IR.
What is the imaging result of the Holly method?
Sesamoid bone in profile.
What angle do the femoral epicondyles form with the plane of the image receptor?
45°.
What role does the subtalar joint play in walking?
It helps adapt the foot to uneven surfaces.
How should the femoral epicondyles be positioned relative to the image receptor (IR)?
Perpendicular to the IR.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular to the midpoint of the image receptor (IR).
What is the required rotation of the leg and foot for the ankle mortise projection?
Medially rotate the leg and foot 15° – 20°.
How should the legs and feet be positioned for the pelvis AP projection?
Medially rotate leg and feet 15° - 20°.
How should the CR be angled to best demonstrate open knee joint spaces?
Parallel to the tibial plateau.
What is the angle of the cephalad projection for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method for males?
20 - 35 degrees cephalad.
Where should the central ray be directed in the Isherwood method?
Perpendicular to 1 inch (2.5 cm) distal and 1 inch (2.5 cm) anterior to the lateral malleolus.
What is a major disadvantage of the Settegast method?
Acute knee flexion makes it impossible to use with knee trauma.
When is the ankle mortise projection commonly taken?
During open reduction surgery of the ankle joint.
What anatomical structures are superimposed in the knee AP lateral oblique projection?
Fibular head and tibia.
Why is a 5° - 7° cephalad angulation used in the lateral knee projection?
To prevent the joint space from being obscured by the magnified medial condyle.
Which femoral structure is best demonstrated in the knee AP lateral oblique projection?
Femoral medial condyle.
What alternative projection is available for patients who cannot assume the prone position?
Reverse PA axial projection.
What is the purpose of the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method?
To assess pelvic fractures and displacements.
What is best demonstrated in a lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Calcaneal spur.
How does the image obtained from the Rosenberg method compare to other projections?
It is similar to those obtained with intercondyloid fossa projections.
What are the bones of the instep referred to as?
Metatarsus.
What angle should the plantar surface of the foot form from vertical during the Lewis method?
About 15° - 20°.
What does the Hickey method focus on in hip imaging?
It is used to visualize the femoral head and neck in a lateral projection.
What angle should the plantar surface form with the film in the Holly method?
75°.
What is the functional classification of the subtalar joint?
A plane synovial joint.
What structures are best visualized in an ankle mortise projection?
The tibia, fibula, and talus, particularly the joint space.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Hughston method?
45° cephalad to the patellofemoral joint.
What is the proximal femur?
The upper part of the femur that connects to the hip joint.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Holly method?
Perpendicular to the head of the 1st metatarsal bone.
How far is the femoral head located from the midpoint of the ASIS and symphysis pubis line?
1.5 inches distal.
What is the typical patient position for an ankle mortise projection?
The patient is usually seated or supine with the leg extended.
What is the goal of the Kuchendorf method regarding the patella?
To have most of the patella free from superimposition.
Why are bilateral projections important in imaging?
They allow for comparison between both sides for any asymmetries or injuries.
What does the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method demonstrate?
Posterior dislocation of the femoral head in cases other than acute fracture dislocation.
What positions are used for iliac projections?
RPO and LPO positions.
What does the adduction variation in Talipes Equinovarus refer to?
Medial displacement of the forefoot.
How should the leg and feet be positioned for the HIP AP projection?
Medially rotate leg and feet 15° - 20°.
How does the Holly method compare to the Lewis method in terms of patient comfort?
It is more comfortable for the patient.
What angle should the knee be flexed to in the Beclere method?
60 degrees to the long axis of the tibia.
What does medial displacement of the forefoot indicate in clubfoot?
Adduction.
Where should the CR be directed for the PA projection of the patella?
Perpendicular to the midpopliteal area.
What type of cassette is used in the Beclere method?
Curved cassette.
What angle should the plantar surface form during the Ankle AP Oblique Projection?
80° - 85° from the IR or 10° - 15° from the vertical.
What device is used to visualize both patellas in the Merchant method?
An axial viewer device.
Where should the distal fibula be positioned in relation to the tibia?
Lying posterior over half of the tibia.
What are the two 45-degree posterior oblique positions used for?
Diagnosing fractures of the acetabulum and dislocation.
What joint does the ankle mortise projection best demonstrate?
The talofibular joint.
What is the maximum degree of flexion recommended for the knee to avoid fragment separation in patellar fractures?
Not more than 10°.
What is an alternative method to the Clements-Nakayama projection?
The Danelius-Miller method.
What condition is commonly indicated for this projection?
Congenital hip disease.
In which patients is the modified Cleaves bilateral projection contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
What joint is opened in the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Talocalcaneal joint.
What are the bones of the toe called?
Phalanges.
What is the purpose of the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method?
To identify ankle joint space narrowing.
What is the significance of the femoral neck?
It is a common site for fractures and plays a crucial role in weight-bearing.
What is the typical type of clubfoot called?
Talipes equino varus.
What is the primary purpose of the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
To assess the alignment and condition of the knee joint under weight-bearing conditions.
What is the relationship between the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection and the Lilienfield method?
They produce the same image as a superoinferior axial projection.
What angle should the anterior surface of the body form from the table during the Teufel method?
38 degrees.
What is the importance of proper rotation in an ankle mortise projection?
Proper rotation opens the ankle joint space for better visualization.
What does the Lewis method demonstrate?
Possible fracture of the sesamoid bone.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Settegast method?
15° - 20° tangential to the patellofemoral space.
How much should the heel be rotated laterally for the PA projection of the patella?
5° - 10°.
What is the position of the legs during the Modified Axiolateral Projection for the hip joint?
Both legs fully extended and in anatomical position.
What position should the patient be in for the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
Lateral recumbent position.
What does plantar flexion and inversion of the calcaneus refer to in clubfoot?
Equinus.
What is the recommended degree of flexion for the knee during a lateral projection?
20° - 30°.
How should the femoral epicondyles be positioned relative to the image receptor (IR)?
Perpendicular to the IR.
What is a key positioning requirement for the ankle mortise projection?
The foot should be internally rotated 15 to 20 degrees.
What is typically positioned in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
The patient's knees are positioned with the feet parallel and weight evenly distributed.
What type of view does the Merchant method provide?
Tangential view of both patella-femoral joints.
What is important to ensure about the leg during the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
The leg is in a true lateral position.
What type of pathology can be evaluated using the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases.
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The anterior talar articular surface.
How much should the leg and foot be rotated medially for the Ankle AP Oblique Projection?
45°.
What is the advantage of the Beclere method for patients?
It is an easier position for the demonstration of the intercondyloid fossa.
What does the modified axiolateral projection help to assess?
Fractures or dislocations of the hip joint.
Where does the hip joint connect the leg?
To the trunk of the body.
What is the significance of the 20°-30° cephalad angle in the Broden method?
It best demonstrates the anterior articular facet.
What does the External Oblique position focus on?
Fracture in the ilioischial column and anterior rim of acetabulum.
What type of projection is the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Axial projection of the calcaneus.
What condition can be best demonstrated using the Rosenberg method?
Joint space narrowing and articular cartilage disease.
What are the bones of the ankle called?
Tarsus.
What bones make up the forefoot?
Metatarsals and toes.
Which metatarsal is the shortest and thickest?
1st metatarsal.
What are the main features of the proximal femur?
The head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Lewis method?
Perpendicular and tangential to the 1st MTP joint.
What condition can the Foot AP Axial Projection help to show?
The alignment of the metatarsals and phalanges in cases of hallux valgus.
What is the desired view of the ilium in these projections?
Ilium in profile.
Where are the sesamoids located in the foot?
In the ball of the foot, beneath the big toe joint.
What is the position of the patient for the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
Prone.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Holmblad method?
Perpendicular to the mid-popliteal area.
What shape are the sesamoid bones?
Pea-shaped.
What is the significance of the iliac crest?
It serves as an important landmark for muscle attachment and is palpable on the body.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
40° caudad to the dorsal surface of the ankle joint.
What alignment issues can be demonstrated using the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Valgus (bow leg) and varus (knock knee).
How do sesamoid bones affect joint movement?
They improve the mechanical advantage of muscles acting on the joint.
What is the CR variation for a thin thigh and buttocks (< 18 cm)?
0 degrees.
What anatomical area does the Judet Method primarily focus on?
The acetabulum.
What are the three bones that make up the pelvis?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Who should not undergo the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Patients with acute hip injury due to the danger of fragment displacement.
What anatomical structure is demonstrated in the medial oblique projection?
Navicular.
What anatomical structures should be visible in profile in the HIP AP projection?
Greater trochanter.
What anatomical structures does the Mediolateral Oblique Projection demonstrate?
Ilium, acetabulum, and proximal femur.
In which type of cases is the Clements-Nakayama modification particularly useful?
In trauma cases involving the hip joint.
What bones are best demonstrated in the medial oblique projection of the foot?
Cuboid bone and sinus tarsi.
Where is the central ray (CR) directed for the pelvis AP projection?
Perpendicular midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis, 2 inches inferior to ASIS and 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis.
At what angle should the knee of the affected limb be flexed for the calcaneus lateral projection?
45 degrees.
Where should the anterior aspect of the knee be centered in the Rosenberg method?
To the VCH (Vertical Central Ray).
In which patients are the Lauenstein and Hickey methods contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
What anatomical feature is best demonstrated in the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Sustentaculum tali.
How many metatarsals are there?
5 metatarsals.
Which bone is the highest in position in the foot?
Talus.
What is the rotation angle for the leg if the proximal femur is included in the femur AP projection?
10° - 15°.
What does the dorsal decubitus lateral projection best demonstrate?
The Gull-Wing sign in cases of fracture dislocation of the acetabular rim and posterior dislocation of the femoral head.
What joint is formed by the acetabulum and the head of the femur?
The hip joint.
Where is the acetabulum located?
On the lateral aspect of the hip bone, where the femur articulates.
What is the purpose of the Judet Method?
To obtain clear images of the acetabulum and surrounding structures.
What are the three deviations in typical clubfoot?
Plantar flexion and inversion of the calcaneus, medial displacement of the forefoot, and elevation of the medial border of the foot.
What is the Houghston method used to demonstrate?
Subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
What is one function of the meniscus in the knee joint?
To act as a shock absorber.
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the Foot PA Plantodorsal Oblique Grashey Method?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What does 'DO YOUR BEST' imply?
To put forth maximum effort in your tasks.
What is a key feature of the Hickey method?
It includes an angle to better visualize the femoral neck.
At what angle should the knee be flexed for the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
45 degrees.
By how many degrees should the pelvis be rotated posteriorly from the lateral position?
10 to 15 degrees.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the HIP AP projection?
Perpendicular to the femoral neck, approximately 2 ½ inches distal to the midpoint of ASIS and symphysis pubis.
What bones compose the pelvic girdle?
Only the two hip bones.
What does elevation of the medial border of the foot indicate in clubfoot?
Supination.
What forms the ball of the hip joint?
The femoral head.
Which parts of the femur are included in the HIP AP projection?
Femoral head and neck, proximal 1/3 of the femur.
What forms the socket of the hip joint?
The acetabulum.
Which metatarsal's tuberosity is demonstrated in the lateral oblique projection?
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
How many sides of the mortise joint are well visualized in the ankle mortise projection?
Three sides.
What does the Ankle AP Oblique Projection best demonstrate?
Fractures at the distal tibiofibular joint.
What is the purpose of the lateromedial and mediolateral right-angle oblique projections in the Broden method?
To determine the presence of joint involvement in cases of comminuted fracture.
What anatomical feature is visualized in the External Oblique position?
Iliac wing.
What does the axiolateral projection visualize?
The femoral heads and neck.
What is a key characteristic of the modified Cleaves projection?
It is performed with the patient in a specific oblique position to enhance visualization.
What movements does the subtalar joint allow?
Inversion and eversion of the foot.
What are the names of the fibrocartilage disks in the knee joint?
Medial and lateral meniscus.
What is a major advantage of the Sunrise/Skyline method?
It does not require special equipment and is relatively comfortable for the patient.
What is a major advantage of the Hughston method?
It is relatively comfortable for the patient and allows relaxation of the quadriceps muscles.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Merchant method?
30° caudad.
What does the Ankle AP Weight Bearing projection demonstrate?
The relationship of the tibia and fibula under weight-bearing conditions.
What is the recommended angle for the central ray in an ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint.
Why is the Lewis method often uncomfortable for patients?
It is an uncomfortable and often painful position.
What should be parallel to the IR during the PA projection of the patella?
Femoral epicondyle.
What do the Sunrise/Skyline projections visualize?
The patella and patellofemoral joint.
How far should the CR be positioned from the mid-sagittal plane (MSP) during the Teufel method?
2 inches lateral to MSP towards the side being examined.
What angle does the anterior surface of the body form from the table in the Judet Method?
45 degrees.
What is the recommended flexion angle for the affected knee during a lateral projection?
5° - 10°.
How is the image receptor (IR) positioned in the Clements-Nakayama modification?
Tilted 15° posterior angle from the vertical and 2 inches below the tabletop.
What should be noted regarding the treatment of abnormal alignment in clubfoot?
No attempt should be made to change the abnormal alignment of the foot.
Where should the central ray be positioned for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method?
2 inches distal to the upper border of the Symphysis Pubis.
At what angle should the thighs be abducted for the modified Cleaves bilateral projection?
45 degrees from the vertical.
Does typical clubfoot have variations?
Yes, it has numerous variations.
How is the Isherwood method similar to the Feist-Mankin method?
Both are oblique recumbent projections of the tarsals.
What is the patient position for the Rosenberg method of knee AP weight bearing?
Standing position.
What should overlap the tibia in the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
Proximal fibular head.
What anatomical structures should be visible in profile in the pelvis AP projection?
Greater trochanter.
What condition is commonly indicated for this projection?
Congenital hip disease.
Where is the lesser trochanter located in this projection?
On the medial side of the femur.
Which bones are included in the midfoot?
Cuneiform, navicular, and cuboid.
What angle is formed between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft?
The angle of inclination, typically around 125 degrees in adults.
What is the patient position for the HIP AP projection?
Supine position.
Where is the patella located?
At the front of the knee joint.
How should the intermalleolar plane be positioned in relation to the image receptor (IR)?
It should be parallel to the IR.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Teufel method?
12° cephalad to the inferior level of the coccyx.
What anatomical space is best visualized in the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
The space between the 1st and 2nd cuneiforms.
What is the purpose of the Settegast method?
To demonstrate vertical fractures and evaluate articulating surfaces of the femur and patella.
How many bones make up the pelvis?
Four bones: two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
How does the meniscus contribute to the knee joint?
It provides stability to the knee joint.
What is the purpose of the modified axiolateral projection in hip joint imaging?
To visualize the hip joint in cases of trauma.
What is the purpose of increasing knee flexion in the Holmblad method?
To better demonstrate the intercondyloid fossa.
What is the CR variation for an average thigh and buttocks (19 - 24 cm)?
3° - 5° cephalad.
What joint is opened in the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
Talocalcaneal joint.
What is the distance between the heels for the pelvis AP projection?
8 - 10 inches apart.
What is another name for the Beclere method?
AP axial projection for the intercondyloid fossa.
What angle should the knee and hip of the affected side be flexed to in the Lauenstein and Hickey methods?
90 degrees.
What position should the patient be in for the pelvic outlet view?
Supine.
Why is the Clements-Nakayama projection usually performed?
When the patient has limited movement in both lower limbs.
What is best demonstrated in a lateral projection of the patella?
Suprapatellar effusion.
At what angle should the knees be flexed for the Rosenberg method?
45 degrees.
How should the foot be positioned for the lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Dorsiflexed with the plantar surface at a right angle to the leg.
Which articulation is involved between the talus and sustentaculum tali?
The subtalar joint.
What is the purpose of angling the CR parallel to the tibial plateau?
To best demonstrate open knee joint spaces.
How many bones are in the human foot?
26 bones.
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14 phalanges.
What is the largest bone of the tarsus?
Calcaneus.
What does the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection best demonstrate?
Medial or lateral displacement of the calcaneus.
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Lateral recumbent position with the affected side down.
What is another name for the bilateral projection in this context?
Bilateral frog leg position.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for this projection?
40 degrees cephalad to the femoral shaft.
What is another name for the bilateral projection in this context?
Bilateral frog leg position.
What is the angle of the CR in the Rosenberg method?
10 degrees caudad to the level of knee joints.
Which metatarsal is the longest?
2nd metatarsal.
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Lauenstein method?
Perpendicular midway between ASIS and SP.
What anatomical structures are demonstrated in the pelvic outlet view using the Taylor method?
Pubic and ischial rami elongated and magnified, free of superimposition.
What is visualized in the Internal Oblique position?
Obturator foramen.
What does the pelvis AP projection provide a survey of?
The bones of the entire pelvis and proximal femur.
What anatomical feature is visualized on the medial side of the femur in this projection?
Lesser trochanter.
What condition can be best assessed using the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Medial or lateral displacement of the calcaneus.
Which cuneiform is the smallest?
2nd cuneiform.
What is the position of the patient for the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Supine or sitting.
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
40° cephalad to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What type of fractures does the Broden method help assess?
Comminuted fractures.
What is the key feature of the femoral neck in this projection?
Femoral neck without superimposition of the greater trochanter.
What type of joint does the femur form at the hip?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What are the key landmarks of the femur?
The head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, and the medial and lateral condyles.
Where is the femur located?
In the thigh, extending from the hip to the knee.
What are the main functions of the femur?
To support the weight of the body and allow for movement of the leg.
What type of joint does the femur form at the knee?
A hinge joint.
What is the longest bone in the human body?
The femur, also known as the thigh bone.
