C Liu book for resident

The appropriateness of their captions.

Captions need to be provided.

It can often confirm a diagnosis without further blood tests or scans.

1 meter apart.

It causes a spectral shift in either red or green hues, making it difficult to distinguish between the two.

Red-green trichromatism.

The Ishihara plates.

Within the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

A minimum visual acuity of 6/36.

A representation of the receptive area of each eye.

Use dilating drops to enable a larger field of view.

To rapidly screen for major defects and neglect.

They can transmit a localized, graded action potential.

A normal eye where focusing is sufficient without corrective lenses.

Look directly into the examiner’s eye.

To elevate the upper lid.

The appropriateness of the inserted citation for all figures.

History and examination.

To trace the periphery of a field.

Snellen chart.

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect.

Inspect from afar, move closer, and finish with fundoscopy.

Compare the patient's visual field with that of the examiner.

It degrades the remainder of retinal as waste and helps convert some back to 11-cis retinal.

The seventh cranial nerve.

From the perspective of the patient looking out onto the environment.

The conventional route through Schlemm’s Canal.

They allow for activation and nearby inhibition, improving object discrimination and increasing contrast.

Inflammation of the lid margins.

Distance Patient Is from Chart/Number of the Lowest Correctly Visualised Line.

The optic nerve.

Tone of the lids and ability to resist forced opening.

The ocular contents behind the lens, as well as vascular and neurological problems.

On-centre and off-centre cells.

They have a central inhibitory zone and a surrounding excitatory area.

The trichromatic theory of vision.

They perform summation and further modulation of the image.

A test to check for impaired optic nerve function.

The appearance of the optic nerve, including colour, contour, and presence of haemorrhages.

By processing two images with disparity to derive a three-dimensional structure.

Poor lens hygiene and specific lens-wearing habits.

A red pin.

Past ocular history.

Into anterior segment conditions and posterior segment conditions.

When light is not brought to a focal point on the retina.

The shape of the eye and the bony aspects of the orbit.

The red reflex in both eyes.

An additional convex lens.

Approximately 17 mm.

An initial impulse is generated.

Seborrhea, staphylococcal infection, and meibomian gland dysfunction.

The stroma becomes oedematous and cloudy, adversely affecting vision.

To close the lids.

Inheritable colour vision deficiency.

They produce an excitatory response to stimuli in the central field and an inhibitory response to surrounding light.

Nasally (by the nose) and superiorly (by the frontal bone).

Up to 1 mm of difference.

Light focuses in front of the retina.

Saccadic movements (sudden jerky) and smooth pursuit (tracking).

It maintains intraocular pressure and provides nutrients to the endothelium and lens.

Binocularity allows for true stereopsis, enabling depth perception from two slightly different images.

Younger patients.

Grossly, focusing on quadrants, or more formally using a white pin to trace the periphery of a field.

Facial nerve palsy.

Corneal pathology or natural aging of the lens.

The right eye has a RAPD, and the pupil may dilate when light is swung back to it.

A direct ophthalmoscope.

Nearsightedness, where light focuses in front of the retina.

Major macular vasculature, optic nerve, macular retina, and peripheral retina.

A five-layered structure composed predominantly of collagen.

Rapid glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

It provides a water-tight barrier to prevent dehydration of the stroma.

The uveoscleral route.

Site, onset, character, radiation, associated symptoms, timing, exacerbating/relieving factors, and severity.

A condition where the length of the eye is too short or the focusing power is too weak, causing light rays to focus behind the retina.

Diabetes.

Particular attention to eye drops, especially for glaucoma or ocular surface disease.

The pupil dilates due to reduced optic nerve input.

The visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Six distinct areas.

A part of the natural aging process related to the loss of the lens's ability to change shape for accommodation.

Layers 1, 4, and 6.

A difference in pupil size between the two eyes.

The central portion of overlapping visual fields from each eye.

It is generally the abnormal side.

Pupils Equal and Reactive to Light and Accommodation.

The ability to count presented fingers, starting at 1 m.

Pain, localized redness, watering/discharge, photophobia, blurring of vision, and foreign body sensation.

It ranges from an absolute inability to distinguish any colours to a weakness in perceiving one particular colour.

Monocular diplopia occurs with one eye covered, while binocular diplopia occurs only when both eyes are uncovered.

To detect and treat suppression early, preventing long-term weakness in one eye.

The bending of light by a surface.

Both pupils constrict.

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus.

The lids, ocular surface, and anterior segment of the globe.

Skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate, septum, fat pads, lid retractors, and conjunctiva.

It changes to all-trans retinal and detaches from the opsin.

Because it is X-linked, affecting men more commonly than women.

To stain epithelial defects on the conjunctiva and cornea.

Visual Acuity, Visual Fields, Colour Vision, Pupillary Reaction, Fundoscopy.

Farsightedness, where light focuses behind the retina.

The third cranial nerve.

Gross field defects leading to important neurological diagnoses.

Blue (440 nm), green (541 nm), and red (566 nm).

History of foreign body entry or chemical exposure.

A condition where the length of the eye is too long or the focusing power is too strong, causing light rays to focus in front of the retina.

The difference in apparent position of an object viewed through two different lines of sight, helping to determine distance.

Using a converging (convex) lens.

Diagonal diplopia that may worsen on adduction of the affected eye.

By touching a fine piece of cotton to the peripheral cornea to elicit a blink reflex.

43 Dioptres (D).

More than three mistakes or a slow reading speed compared to the fellow eye.

Using a Snellen chart or a logMar chart at a distance of 6 m.

Blockage of the conventional drainage pathway.

Prolonged use may lead to corneal toxicity and failure of the corneal epithelium.

The colour 'white'.

Testing with similar hues or using Ishihara plates.

Black.

2–3 μL/min.

Using a diverging (concave) lens.

Posterior segment conditions often cause fewer pain symptoms but can lead to varied visual symptoms, including loss of vision.

15 Dioptres (D).

It is essential as part of the assessment.

+60 D.

Meibomian glands, Glands of Zeis, and Glands of Moll.

A focusing/refractive problem with the eye.

Structural or neurological abnormalities from the eyelids to the occipital cortex.

Cysts, masses, or occasionally tumor formation.

Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves.

It provides information on movement deficits and restrictions, important for diagnosing orbital pathology.

Conventional and unconventional outflow.

A condition where there is more than one refractive power within the eye, typically occurring in the lens or cornea.

Sensation to the eyelid skin and cornea.

The corneal surface due to the difference in refractive indices.

It stiffens and becomes unable to increase in power through the movement of the ciliary processes.

Any distance prescription corrective lens.

It maintains clarity through homeostatic mechanisms and a balance of hydration.

Acute angle closure glaucoma.

Light focuses behind the retina.

The ability to detect a hand moving in front of the eye in a well-lit room.

It stabilizes head positioning, allowing eye movements to adjust accordingly.

Fluid passes posteriorly into the space around the choroid and drains through the surface of the eye.

Anterior uveitis and Herpes simplex keratitis.

By moving their heads side to side to utilize parallax for identifying prey.

The two meridians are separated by 90°.

Cranial nerve examination of cranial nerves II–VII.

By the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary processes.

It ensures that the eyes move in sync and complementary directions.

Blood or dense inflammation in the anterior chamber.

The ability to perceive if a bright light is shone in the eye.

The inability to perceive any light shone in the affected eye.

To monitor optic nerve function and assess fitness to drive.

An imbalance or weakness in one of the extraocular muscles.

A condition where the brain suppresses one eye due to two separate retinal images, leading to chronic suppression.

A lens used to correct both myopia or hypermetropia and astigmatism in one pair of glasses.

It may indicate a problem with eye movement or muscle imbalance.

Prostaglandin analogues.

A 'down and out' eye with possible ptosis.

Cylindrical lenses.

It supplies the orbicularis oculi, important for lid tone and closure.

A condition where a single visual stimulus does not fall on corresponding retinal points, leading to misalignment of the eyes.

Conditions with strong family links such as glaucoma and squints.

The cornea and the lens.

Worsening diplopia on abduction of the affected eye, with horizontal images.

To bring environmental light to focus on the retina.