GIT robbins

Atrophic glands and lymphoid hyperplasia.

Atrophic gastritis, which may lead to lymphoma in the stomach.

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) tumor.

Adenomatous sessile polyp.

A partial gastrectomy.

Bleeding.

Adenocarcinoma.

Strictures, small bowel involvement, and skip lesions.

Left: has hemorrhage and is bright red (hyperemia); Right: Normal.

Significantly raised.

A dirty base due to necrosis, pale and somewhat elevated edge of the ulcer, rugal folds only reaching the side, and an irregular border.

Goblet cells.

Continuous and diffuse, causing more erosion as opposed to ulcers.

Yes, they can be present simultaneously as adenosquamous carcinoma.

Males are affected slightly more often than females.

Overt luminal obstruction, usually by a small stone-like mass of stool (fecalith).

Squamous cell carcinoma.

As neoplastic or non-neoplastic.

Large, pedunculated, and lobulated polyps with arborizing smooth muscle.

After a heavy meal and lying down after a heavy meal, which may lead to reflux into the esophagus and heartburn.

1. Uppermost - necrotic debris, 2. Inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages), 3. Granulation tissue with small blood vessels, 4. Fibrosis/fibrous tissue.

As polypoid, exophytic masses that extend along one wall of the large-caliber cecum and ascending colon, rarely causing obstruction.

Alternating diarrhea and constipation, and tenesmus.

Persistently elevated venous pressure within the hemorrhoidal plexus.

Yes, patients with Barrett esophagus have a greater chance of malignancy, leading to adenocarcinoma if untreated.

Chronic epigastric pain.

Common in Crohn's disease, rare in ulcerative colitis.

Neutrophilic infiltration of the muscularis propria.

Episodes of dyspepsia, especially after a heavy meal.

Transmural and grossly look 'snake-like'.

Females.

With sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, or infrared coagulation; severe cases may require hemorrhoidectomy.

Left: Corkscrew and elongated appearance of the foveolae, decreased glands (atrophy), and presence of inflammatory cells. Right: Intraepithelial neutrophils indicating active infection.

In the colorectal region, but may occur in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.

Deep tenderness located 2/3 of the distance from the umbilicus to the right anterior superior iliac spine.

Invasion may occur intraperitoneally, potentially mistaking the condition for mucinous ovarian tumors in women, and in advanced cases, leading to pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Complications such as ulcerations and hemorrhage leading to melena.

Peptic ulceration.

Changes in the squamocolumnar junction, basal cell metaplasia, elongation of lamina propria papillae, appearance of eosinophils and neutrophils.

Metronidazole.

Intestinal epithelium, which is more resistant to acid.

The appendix is a normal, true diverticulum of the cecum, prone to acute and chronic inflammation.

Thickened wall and narrowed lumen.

Result from dilation of the superior hemorrhoidal plexus within the distal rectum, consisting of thin-walled, dilated submucosal vessels protruding beneath the anal or rectal mucosa.

Polyps without a stalk; small elevations of the mucosa.

Pyelophlebitis, portal venous thrombosis, liver abscess, and bacteremia.

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by up to 100 polyps and known extraintestinal manifestations like pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Hyperemia, presence of white patches, and hemorrhage (erosive esophagitis).

Adenocarcinoma of the colon.

E. histolytica and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

Low unabsorbable vegetable fiber, and high refined carbohydrates and fat.

Risk for malignancy, such as adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma.

Reflux and gastric diseases.

Present.

Periumbilical pain localizing to the right lower quadrant, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, mildly elevated WBC count, and McBurney sign.

Adenoma.

The small intestine.

The liver, due to portal drainage to the colon.

Straining at stool due to constipation, venous stasis of pregnancy, and portal hypertension.

Common in Crohn's disease, rare in ulcerative colitis.

Often present.

Motility (flagella help penetrate the mucus layer) and release of urease enzyme (increases alkalinity and has a cytotoxic effect leading to atrophy).

From the enlargement of a sessile polyp and consequent traction on the luminal protrusion.

Size.

An adaptive change from squamous to columnar epithelium with goblet cells in the lower third of the esophagus due to acid reflux.

Eosinophil count is much higher in eosinophilic esophagitis.

Flask-shaped ulcers, with organisms found at the periphery.

Depth of invasion and presence of lymph node metastases.

Commonly in the terminal ileum, but may occur anywhere from mouth to anus.

Often present with pain and rectal bleeding (bright red blood).

Transmural inflammation.

H. pylori.

MALT lymphoma, typically a low-grade lymphoma.

Obstruction and enlargement mimicking acute appendicitis.

Adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Tumors that produce abundant mucin accumulating within the intestinal wall.

In the teens and early 20s.

Colon and rectum.

Mesenteric lymphadenitis, acute salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, Mittelschmerz, and Meckel diverticulitis.

Bacterial growth, ischemia, inflammation, tissue edema, and neutrophilic infiltration of the lumen, muscular wall, and periappendicial soft tissues.

Further compromise of appendiceal vessels leads to gangrenous necrosis, potentially followed by rupture and suppurative peritonitis.

Because the base is clean, the edge of the ulcer is hyperemic, rugal folds reach the edge of the ulcer and sometimes go beyond it, and there is no necrosis.

Hyperacidity and H. pylori infection.

GERD → Barrett Esophagus (metaplasia) → Dysplasia → Adenocarcinoma.

Appendicitis is most common in adolescents and young adults but may occur at any age.

Progressive increases in intraluminal pressure that compromise venous outflow.

Subserosal vessels are congested, modest perivascular neutrophilic infiltrate within all layers of the wall, inflamed serosa appears dull, granular, and erythematous.

Adenocarcinoma.

A dilated appendix filled with mucin (mucocele).

Adenocarcinoma.

Visible capillaries near the basal layer causing hyperemia, basal cell hyperplasia, and elongated lamina propria papillae.

As annular lesions that produce napkin-ring constrictions and luminal narrowing, sometimes leading to obstruction.

Goblet cells indicating metaplasia from stratified squamous to intestinal epithelium.

Collateral vessels within the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus, located below the anorectal line, lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Active chronic gastritis with atrophy.

The inflammatory process continues, and focal abscesses form within the wall.

20 lbs of weight loss in the last 3 months.

An autosomal dominant disorder associated with multiple GI polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation.