What layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells?
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The outer nuclear layer.
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What layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells?
The outer nuclear layer.
What does the grey fundal reflex indicate in retinal examination?
It indicates a detached retina becoming apparent as an opalescent sheet ballooning into the vitreous.
What is scleral buckling?
A surgical procedure used to treat retinal detachment.
What is the choroid?
A membrane dense with blood vessels that supplies the retina.
What is exudative retinal detachment?
A condition resulting from the production of serous fluid under the retina from the choroid.
What are the clinical manifestations of retinal detachment?
Symptoms and signs that indicate retinal detachment.
What condition is scleral buckling primarily used to address?
Retinal detachment.
What diagnostic procedures are used for retinal detachment?
Methods to identify and confirm retinal detachment.
What does the scleral buckling procedure involve?
Placing a silicone band around the eye to indent the sclera.
What are the symptoms of retinal detachment?
Flashes of light, floaters, and a shadow or curtain over vision.
What does blurred vision indicate?
A potential clinical manifestation of retinal detachment.
What happens to fragile vessels in traction retinal detachment?
Fragile vessels bleed and fibrous tissue is formed.
What is the goal of scleral buckling?
To bring the choroid into contact with the retina.
In which condition related to retinal detachment is vitrectomy indicated?
Retinal detachment with scar formation.
What is retinal detachment?
A condition where the retina separates from the underlying supportive tissue.
What is the primary purpose of scleral buckling?
To reattach the retina to the back of the eye.
What happens during retinal detachment?
The retina separates from the choroid and the pigmented epithelium.
What is a combination retinal detachment?
A type that involves both rhegmatogenous and traction mechanisms.
What is the purpose of the gas bubble in retinal detachment surgery?
To act as a tamponade for the retinal break.
What is photopsia?
A sensation of a flashing light.
How does Pneumatic Retinopexy work?
By injecting a gas bubble into the eye to push the retina against the wall of the eye.
What technique uses nitrous oxide to freeze tissue behind a retinal tear?
Cryopexy.
What does a shadow or curtain-like effect in vision indicate?
A possible sign of retinal detachment.
What are fundal signs?
Clinical signs observed during a fundoscopic examination that may indicate retinal issues.
What is a key aspect of pre-operative nursing management for retinal detachment?
Bed rest to prevent further detachment.
What is rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
A type of retinal detachment caused by a tear or break in the retina.
What characterizes traction retinal detachment?
It occurs when fibrous tissue pulls on the retina, causing it to detach.
What is a common post-operative complication related to eye pressure?
Increased intraocular pressure (IOP).
What is retinal detachment?
A condition where the retina separates from the underlying supportive tissue.
What is a common treatment for retinal detachment?
Surgical procedures such as scleral buckle or vitrectomy are common treatments.
How is retinal detachment diagnosed?
Through a comprehensive eye examination, including dilated fundus examination.
What does progressive deterioration of vision mean?
A gradual decline in visual acuity, often associated with retinal issues.
What is scleral buckling?
A procedure that involves depressing the eye from the outside with a silicone sponge or band sutured in place permanently.
What procedure can be performed during vitrectomy for diagnostic purposes?
Vitreous tap for microscopy and culture.
What causes rhegmatogenous detachment?
A tear or hole in the retina.
What types of layers make up the retina?
1 epithelial layer and 9 neural layers.
What is the etiology of retinal detachment?
The causes or factors leading to retinal detachment.
How does scleral buckling work?
By placing a silicone band around the eye to indent the sclera.
What is the outermost layer of the retina?
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
What occurs when the retina detaches?
It is deprived of its blood supply and source of nourishment, losing its ability to function.
What are common causes of retinal detachment?
Trauma, aging, and certain eye diseases.
How do overlying retinal vessels appear in cases of retinal detachment?
They appear black with loss of central reflexes.
What are the surgical options for retinal detachment?
Scleral buckle, vitrectomy, and pneumatic retinopexy.
How long does it take for the gas bubble used in pneumatic retinopexy to be absorbed?
Over the next 1 or 2 weeks.
Is retinal detachment typically painful?
No, it is usually painless.
What is indirect ophthalmoscopy used for?
To examine the retina and optic nerve in detail.
What is the primary surgical management for retinal detachment?
Surgical options include scleral buckle, vitrectomy, and pneumatic retinopexy.
What is important in pre-operative nursing management for retinal detachment?
Ensuring patient education and preparing the patient for surgery.
How quickly can rhegmatogenous detachment progress?
It can become detached over a period of hours to years.
What happens to the folds of the retina during eye movements in cases of retinal detachment?
The folds oscillate with eye movements.
What is usually visible in the retina when there are holes or tears?
Bright red choroid shining through the breaks.
How do overlying retinal vessels appear in cases of retinal detachment?
They appear black with loss of central reflexes.
What happens to the folds of the retina during eye movements?
They oscillate.
What is the primary purpose of Pneumatic Retinopexy?
To reattach the retina to the underlying tissue.
What type of complication can arise from surgical procedures in terms of infection?
Infection.
What is the purpose of pneumatic retinopexy?
To inject a small gas bubble into the vitreous body that presses against the retina.
What does a fundus examination evaluate?
The health of the retina and other structures at the back of the eye.
What are common symptoms of retinal detachment?
Symptoms may include flashes of light, floaters, and a shadow or curtain over the visual field.
What fluids enter the hole in rhegmatogenous detachment?
Sub-retinal fluid or vitreous fluids.
How many layers is the retina composed of?
10 layers.
What is the function of the retina?
Contains photoreceptors that allow the perception of light and initial processing of images.
What are common symptoms of retinal detachment?
Symptoms may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, and a shadow or curtain over the visual field.
What are some potential causes of retinal detachment?
Causes can include trauma, aging, and certain eye diseases.
What serious infection can occur after eye surgery?
Endophthalmitis.
What is visible when there are holes or tears in the retina?
The bright red choroid shines through the breaks.
What occurs during traction retinal detachment?
The neural retina is pulled off the epithelial layer by vitreous traction.
What is a key consideration after Pneumatic Retinopexy?
Patients must maintain a specific head position to ensure the gas bubble is in the correct location.
What are the causes of traction retinal detachment?
Diabetes mellitus, retinopathy of prematurity, retinal hemorrhage, and vitreous hemorrhage.
What is vitrectomy?
A surgical operation that involves removing some or all of the vitreous from the deeper part of the eye.
What is the purpose of an ultrasound in eye diagnostics?
To visualize the eye's internal structures, especially when the view is obstructed.
What is the most common form of retinal detachment?
Rhegmatogenous detachment.
What are some causes of rhegmatogenous detachment?
Trauma, high myopia, retinal degeneration, and aphakia after cataract surgery.
What condition is associated with proliferative retinopathy?
Diabetic neovascularization.
What is scleral buckling?
A surgical procedure used to treat retinal detachment.
What are some causes of exudative retinal detachment?
Uveitis and macular degeneration, which lead to the production of serous fluid.
What condition is scleral buckling primarily used to address?
Retinal detachment.
What is the main goal of scleral buckling surgery?
To reattach the retina to the back of the eye.
Which layer of the retina is responsible for processing visual information?
The inner plexiform layer.
What eye condition may develop as a post-operative complication?
Development of cataract.
What is the significance of the grey fundal reflex?
It indicates the presence of a detached retina.
What is a visual field defect?
A loss of vision in a specific area of the visual field.
What is the purpose of a visual acuity test?
To assess the clarity or sharpness of vision.
What information does a Fundus Fluorescein Angiogram (FFA) provide?
It shows the circulation of blood in the retina and identifies any abnormalities.
What are potential post-operative complications of retinal detachment surgery?
Complications may include infection, bleeding, and re-detachment.
How does fluid or exudate affect the retina in exudative retinal detachment?
It pushes the retina forwards and separates the layers of the retina.
Why is positioning of the head critical after retinal surgery involving a gas bubble?
The injected bubble must remain in position over the area of detachment to provide consistent pressure for reattachment.
What position should a patient maintain to allow the gas bubble to act effectively?
A prone position.
What is exudative retinal detachment?
A type of detachment caused by fluid accumulation beneath the retina without a tear.
What is a potential complication that can occur involving the retina after surgery?
Retinal detachment.
What is the innermost layer of the retina?
The nerve fiber layer.
What causes vitreous traction in the eye?
Vitreous traction occurs when new blood vessels grow into the vitreous humour.
How do fibrous bands contribute to traction retinal detachment?
Fibrous bands contract, pulling the neural layer away from the retina.
How is contact maintained during scleral buckling?
With a local implant on the sclera or an encircling strap or buckle.
What can replace the vitreous after a vitrectomy?
Air, gas, or oil.
What type of injury may necessitate a vitrectomy?
Penetrating injury.
What are the types of retinal detachment?
There are three main types: rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative.
What happens to the neural layers in rhegmatogenous detachment?
They float off the epithelial layer.
What is retinal detachment?
A condition where the retina separates from the underlying supportive tissue.
What is involved in the management of retinal detachment?
The treatment approaches for retinal detachment.
What is the appearance of a detached retina in fundal signs?
It appears as an opalescent sheet ballooning into the vitreous.
How is retinal detachment diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including visual acuity tests and retinal examination.
What is the function of the ganglion cell layer in the retina?
It contains the cell bodies of ganglion cells that transmit visual information to the brain.
What is laser photocoagulation used for in surgical management?
To seal the retina against the choroid when the retina is torn.
What are potential post-operative complications of retinal detachment surgery?
Infection, bleeding, and re-detachment.
What happens to central vision if the macula is involved?
There is a loss of central vision.
What is one indication for performing a vitrectomy?
Giant tears.
What is a foreign body in the posterior segment an indication for?
Vitrectomy.
What is Pneumatic Retinopexy?
A surgical procedure used to treat retinal detachment.
What are floaters?
Floating spots or irregular, dark lines in the field of vision.
What type of retinal detachment is Pneumatic Retinopexy typically used for?
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
What role do scars or bands of fibrous materials play in traction retinal detachment?
They provide traction on the retina, contributing to the detachment.
What condition in diabetic patients may require vitrectomy?
Fibrovascular tissue in diabetic retinopathy.
What are fundal signs in retinal detachment?
Fundal signs include the presence of retinal tears or holes observed during examination.
What does Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provide?
Cross-sectional images of the retina.
What diagnostic procedures are used for retinal detachment?
Common procedures include visual acuity tests, ultrasound, and fundus examination.
What should be monitored in post-operative nursing management for retinal detachment?
Monitoring for signs of complications and ensuring proper recovery.
___ examination allows for the assessment of the interior surface of the eye.
Fundus
Fluid or exudate behind the retina pushes the retina forwards and separates the layers of the ___.
retina
Causes of exudative retinal detachment include ___ and macular degeneration.
uveitis
The production of serous fluid in exudative retinal detachment is primarily due to ___ degeneration.
macular
Risk factors for retinal detachment include previous eye ___, high myopia, and family history.
surgery
One type of retinal detachment is ___, which occurs due to a tear in the retina.
Rhegmatogenous
___ retinal detachment is caused by the pulling of the retina by fibrous tissue.
Traction
Positioning of the head is critical when a gas bubble is used because the injected bubble must remain in position ___ the area of detachment.
overlying
It is important to maintain a ___ position to allow the gas bubble to function effectively.
prone
The ___ layer is where the optic nerve fibers converge to form the optic nerve.
nerve fiber
Pre-operative nursing management includes ___ to prevent further detachment.
Bed rest
One possible post-operative complication is ___ IOP.
Increased
Exudative retinal detachment is the result of the production of ___ fluid under the retina from the choroid.
serous
Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the underlying ___ layer.
choroid
Common symptoms of retinal detachment include sudden flashes of ___ and a shadow or curtain over the visual field.
light
Vitrectomy is a surgical operation performed in the ___ part of the eye.
deeper
Folds of retina ___ with eye movements.
oscillate
In traction retinal detachment, the neural retina is pulled off the epithelial layer by ___ traction.
vitreous
Rhegmatogenous detachment is the ___ common form of retinal detachment.
most
___ are described as floating spots in the field of vision.
Floaters
The retina consists of 1 ___ layer and 9 neural layers.
epithelial
Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to treat ___ detachment.
retinal
A detached retina appears as an ___ sheet ballooning into the vitreous.
opalescent
Post-operative complications may include ___ detachment.
Retinal
The development of a ___ is a potential post-operative complication.
cataract
The layer responsible for phototransduction in the retina is the ___ layer.
photoreceptor
To provide consistent pressure for reattachment, the gas bubble must be positioned to act as a ___ for the retinal break.
tamponade
Retinal detachment can lead to permanent ___ if not treated promptly.
vision loss
Fibrous bands contract, pulling the neural layer ___ from the retina.
away
Causes of rhegmatogenous detachment include trauma, high myopia, retinal degeneration, and ___ after cataract surgery.
aphakia
This procedure helps to relieve ___ in the retina.
tension
The gas bubbles in pneumatic retinopexy rise and press against the retina, pushing it against the ___.
choroid
The retina is composed of ___ layers.
10
Folds of retina ___ with eye movements.
oscillate
Scleral buckling helps to relieve ___ in the eye.
tension
___ retinal detachment occurs due to fluid accumulation beneath the retina without a tear.
Exudative
The layer that contains ganglion cells and their axons is known as the ___ layer.
ganglion cell
A detached retina appears as an opalescent sheet ___ into the vitreous.
ballooning
Retinal detachment with ___ formation is an indication for vitrectomy.
scar
Proliferative retinopathy is associated with ___ neovascularization.
diabetic
Retinal hemorrhage and ___ hemorrhage are also causes of traction retinal detachment.
vitreous
Holes or tears in the retina are usually visible with the bright red choroid shining through the ___.
breaks
A type of retinal detachment that involves both rhegmatogenous and traction is known as ___.
A combination of rhegmatogenous and traction
A clinical manifestation of retinal detachment includes ___, which is a sensation of a flashing light.
Photopsia
Fibrovascular tissue in ___ retinopathy can necessitate vitrectomy.
diabetic
A foreign body in the ___ segment is an indication for vitrectomy.
posterior
The purpose of pneumatic retinopexy is to reattach the ___ to the underlying tissue.
retina
A ___ test is used to measure how well a person can see.
visual acuity
A ___ fluorescein angiogram (FFA) is used to visualize blood flow in the retina.
fundus
Vitreous traction occurs when new ___ have grown into the vitreous humour.
blood vessels
A tear or hole in the retina allows ___ or vitreous fluids to enter.
sub-retinal fluid
Holes or tears in the retina are usually visible with the bright red choroid shining through the ___.
breaks
The purpose of scleral buckling is to create a ___ on the sclera to support the retina.
indentation
Pneumatic retinopexy is a surgical procedure used to treat ___ detachment.
retinal
In pneumatic retinopexy, a small gas bubble is injected into the ___ body.
vitreous
The ___ fundal reflex indicates the presence of a detached retina.
Grey
The purpose of scleral buckling is to create a ___ on the sclera to support the retina.
indentation
___ ophthalmoscopy is a technique used to view the retina in detail.
Indirect
___ coherence tomography (OCT) provides cross-sectional images of the retina.
Optical
One of the risks after surgery is the occurrence of an ___ .
Infection
The ___ layer contains bipolar cells and is crucial for transmitting signals from photoreceptors.
inner nuclear
Fragile vessels bleed and ___ tissue is formed.
fibrous
The entry of fluids into the hole causes the neural layers to float off the ___ layer.
epithelial
Scleral buckling involves placing a ___ around the eye.
band
In pneumatic retinopexy, a gas bubble is injected into the ___ cavity.
vitreous
Fundal signs are important indicators in the diagnosis of ___ in retinal detachment.
retinal detachment
A serious infection that can occur after surgery is known as ___ .
Endophthalmitis
Scleral buckling involves placing a ___ around the eye.
silicone band
The outermost layer of the retina is called the ___ layer.
pigment epithelium
Overlying retinal vessels appear ___ with loss of central reflexes.
black
The ___ fundal reflex indicates the presence of a detached retina.
Grey
One indication for vitrectomy is the presence of ___ tears.
giant
The scars or bands of fibrous materials provide ___ on the retina.
traction
Causes of traction retinal detachment include diabetes mellitus and ___ of prematurity.
retinopathy
Loss of central vision occurs if the ___ is involved in retinal detachment.
macula
A vitreous tap is performed for ___ and culture.
microscopy
During vitrectomy, the vitreous is removed and replaced by ___, ___, or ___.
air, gas, oil
Overlying retinal vessels appear ___ with loss of central reflexes.
black
A shadow or a curtain-like effect in vision may suggest ___ in retinal detachment.
retinal detachment
Pneumatic retinopexy is often indicated for ___ retinal detachments.
superior
Scleral buckling brings the choroid into contact with the ___.
retina
The retina contains ___ that allow the perception of light.
photoreceptors
Retinal Detachment (RD) is the separation of the retina from the ___ and the pigmented epithelium.
choroid
The choroid is a membrane dense with ___ vessels.
blood
Rhegmatogenous detachment can become detached over a period of ___ to ___ years.
hours, years
A key characteristic of retinal detachment is that it is ___ and often painless.
no
Irregular, dark lines or spots in the field of vision can indicate ___ in retinal detachment.
Floaters
A progressive deterioration of vision is a clinical manifestation of ___ in retinal detachment.
vision
Cryopexy uses ___ oxide to freeze the tissue behind the retinal tear.
nitrous
The retina transmits images to the ___ center of the brain.
optic
Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to treat ___ detachment.
retinal
Laser photocoagulation is used to ___ the retina against the choroid.
seal
When the retina detaches, it is deprived of its blood supply and loses its ability to ___ .
function
Vitrectomy may be performed for a ___ injury.
penetrating
Scleral buckling involves using a silicone sponge or band that is ___ in place permanently.
sutured
