Renal physiology and Acid Base Balance

Created by Phoebe

p.24

What is a key characteristic of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A. They are very powerful diuretics

B. They cause K+ wasting

C. They inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- Symporter

D. They act in the ascending limb

E. They prevent Na+ reabsorption and K+/H+ excretion

Select an answer

p.24

Explanation

Potassium-sparing diuretics work by competing for binding sites with aldosterone or inhibiting its secretion, which prevents Na+ reabsorption and reduces K+/H+ excretion, thus sparing potassium.

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p.24

Diuretics - ΜΟΑ

What is a key characteristic of potassium-sparing diuretics?

p.24

Diuretics - ΜΟΑ

What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on osmotic fluid?

p.24

Diuretics - ΜΟΑ

Which diuretic type is known for being very powerful and causing K+ wasting?

p.25

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the primary action of frusemide as a loop diuretic?

p.25

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is a potential adverse effect of excessive diuresis from frusemide?

p.25

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

In which condition is frusemide commonly used?

p.25

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the maximum total dose of frusemide for a patient taking oral diuretics?

p.25

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the onset time for frusemide when administered intravenously (IV)?

p.45

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What does the acronym BRASH stand for in the context of the syndrome?

p.45

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which treatment is suggested for managing hyperkalemia?

p.45

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a key step in the management of BRASH syndrome according to the text?

p.45

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What role does aldosterone play in the context of hyperkalemia management?

p.46

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What percentage of potassium reabsorption is provided by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

p.46

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which condition is associated with reduced aldosterone and affects potassium excretion?

p.46

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is a potential cause of hyperkalemia related to kidney function?

p.46

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which of the following factors can contribute to hyperkalemia?

p.46

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What ECG change is associated with severe hyperkalemia?

p.47

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What triggers the secretion of renin in the kidneys?

p.47

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which condition is NOT a cause of impaired renin secretion?

p.47

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is the role of aldosterone in the kidneys?

p.1

Renal Function Overview

What is the primary function of renal filtration?

p.1

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which electrolyte is NOT mentioned as being regulated by the renal system?

p.1

Blood pressure homeostasis

How does the renal system contribute to blood pressure homeostasis?

p.1

Osmoregulation

What role does osmoregulation play in renal function?

p.2

Renal Function Overview

What is the main functional component of the kidneys?

p.2

Renal Function Overview

Which systems have overlapping functions with the renal system?

p.2

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

What do metabolic wastes and excess ions combine with to leave the body?

p.2

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What role do hormones play in the renal system?

p.4

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

What happens to the composition of filtrate as it passes through the nephron?

p.4

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption?

p.4

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

What is the role of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?

p.4

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

What does the renal medulla have that is significant for nephron function?

p.4

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

Which blood vessels are associated with the nephron?

p.5

Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption Processes

What does the equation NFP = GHP – (OP + CHP) represent in renal physiology?

p.6

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What is a characteristic of acute kidney failure?

p.6

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

Which of the following is a possible cause of chronic kidney failure?

p.6

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What is a common cause of acute kidney failure?

p.6

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

Which statement is true regarding chronic kidney failure?

p.6

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What distinguishes acute kidney failure from chronic kidney failure?

p.7

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What is the primary characteristic of acute renal failure?

p.7

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is a cause of pre-renal acute renal failure?

p.7

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What condition is associated with post-renal acute renal failure?

p.7

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is NOT a cause of intra-renal acute renal failure?

p.7

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What can cause both pre-renal and post-renal acute renal failure?

p.8

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is chronic renal failure characterized by?

p.8

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

Which of the following is a common symptom of chronic renal failure?

p.8

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What stage of chronic renal failure is indicated by less than 15% kidney function?

p.8

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What serious complication can chronic renal disease lead to?

p.8

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is the treatment approach for kidney failure?

p.9

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is a direct consequence of impaired sodium and water balance in chronic kidney disease?

p.9

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

Which condition is associated with the failure of erythropoietin production in chronic kidney disease?

p.9

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What complication arises from the inability to eliminate nitrogenous wastes in chronic kidney disease?

p.9

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is a potential outcome of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?

p.9

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic kidney disease related to acid-base balance?

p.10

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What primarily affects renal clearance of drugs?

p.10

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

How does chronic renal failure (CRF) affect drug metabolism?

p.10

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What should be done with drug doses in patients with renal disease?

p.10

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

Which of the following drugs is mentioned as needing dose adjustment in renal disease?

p.10

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What happens to renal clearance if any of the influencing variables change?

p.11

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is the primary function of dialysis?

p.11

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

How does waste removal occur during dialysis?

p.11

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What role does osmosis play in dialysis?

p.11

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is meant by 'right dialysis for the right person'?

p.12

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is the primary purpose of dialysis fluid in peritoneal dialysis?

p.13

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is the primary function of hemodialysis?

p.13

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What are common complications associated with hemodialysis?

p.13

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

How is blood returned to the body after hemodialysis?

p.13

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What happens to the blood during the hemodialysis process?

p.14

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is the first step in managing a patient during a renal dialysis emergency?

p.14

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What should be done if a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis has an abdominal catheter?

p.14

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is a critical consideration when treating a patient with a fistula during a dialysis emergency?

p.14

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What should be suspected if air is seen in the venous return line during a dialysis emergency?

p.14

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is essential when administering fluids via an internal shunt during a dialysis emergency?

p.15

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What is the first step to turn off the hemodialysis machine?

p.15

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What should you do after opening the blood pump door on the hemodialysis machine?

p.16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the primary role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

p.16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to a drop in blood pressure?

p.16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What effect does angiotensin II have on the body?

p.16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

How is aldosterone involved in blood pressure regulation?

p.16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which conditions are commonly managed by manipulating the RAAS pharmacologically?

p.17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What triggers the synthesis and release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells?

p.17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which mechanism involves beta 1 adrenergic nerves in the regulation of renin release?

p.17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What role does the macula densa play in renin release?

p.17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the primary function of renin in the body?

p.17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for renin release?

p.18

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is one of the primary effects of Angiotensin II?

p.18

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which hormone secretion is stimulated by Angiotensin II?

p.18

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

How does Angiotensin II affect renal function?

p.18

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What role does Angiotensin II play in sympathetic activity?

p.18

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which of the following is NOT a function of Angiotensin II?

p.19

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What triggers the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands?

p.19

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is one of the main effects of aldosterone on the kidneys?

p.19

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

How does aldosterone affect water retention in the body?

p.19

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What happens to potassium levels in the body as a result of aldosterone secretion?

p.19

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which of the following is NOT a response to aldosterone secretion?

p.20

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is another name for Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?

p.20

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Where is Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) secreted from?

p.20

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What triggers the secretion of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?

p.20

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?

p.20

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What physiological response does ADH stimulate besides water reabsorption?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the primary function of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What triggers the release of Renin from the kidney?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What role does Angiotensin II play in the RAAS?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

How does aldosterone affect the kidneys?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the effect of ADH in the RAAS?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the overall effect of the RAAS on the body?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Which organ produces Angiotensinogen?

p.21

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What is the role of ACE in the RAAS?

p.22

Diuretics

What is the primary aim of diuretics in medical treatment?

p.22

Diuretics

Which class of diuretics is known for inhibiting carbonic anhydrase?

p.22

Diuretics

What effect do diuretics have on cardiac remodeling?

p.22

Diuretics

Which type of diuretic is characterized by its ability to spare potassium?

p.22

Diuretics

What is a common mechanism of action for diuretics?

p.23

Diuretics

What is the primary mechanism of diuretics?

p.23

Diuretics

Which class of diuretics blocks the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter?

p.23

Diuretics

What is a significant adverse effect of diuretics?

p.23

Diuretics

Which diuretic class is known for promoting water loss through osmotic effects?

p.23

Diuretics

What condition is NOT typically treated with diuretics?

p.24

Diuretics - ΜΟΑ

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

p.24

Diuretics - ΜΟΑ

Where do thiazide diuretics primarily act in the nephron?

p.26

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is vital for the decompensation of ACPO/AHF/CCF?

p.26

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

Which medication is NOT listed as a treatment for ACPO/AHF/CCF decompensation?

p.26

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

What does the FAST-FURO study focus on?

p.26

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is indicated by the p-value of 0.009 in the study?

p.26

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What is the significance of the MEESSI score in the study?

p.27

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the patient's respiratory status as indicated in the case study?

p.27

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What medications are listed in the case study?

p.27

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the patient's ability to communicate as described in the case study?

p.27

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What vital sign indicates the patient's heart rate?

p.27

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What physical finding is noted at the patient's ankles?

p.28

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the primary cause of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?

p.28

Dialysis Methods: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dial...

Which of the following is a contraindication for using CPAP?

p.28

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is indicated for CPAP use in patients with basal crackles?

p.28

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

Which condition is NOT a cause of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?

p.28

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What should be monitored in a patient before administering CPAP?

p.29

Patient Care Protocols

What should be done if a patient is hypoventilating and has inadequate tidal volume?

p.29

Patient Care Protocols

What is the first action to take if dysrhythmias are present?

p.29

Patient Care Protocols

What should be done if contraindications to CPAP develop after initiation?

p.29

Patient Care Protocols

What medications may be administered if indicated?

p.29

Patient Care Protocols

What should be regularly repeated and documented during patient care?

p.30

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What does acid-base balance refer to?

p.30

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the normal pH range of blood?

p.30

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What scale is used to measure acid-base balance?

p.30

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Why is acid-base balance important?

p.30

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What does a pH of 0 indicate?

p.31

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What defines an acid according to the provided text?

p.31

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the pH characteristic of a solution that contains more acid than base?

p.31

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which of the following is NOT listed as a strong acid?

p.31

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the characteristic of a solution that contains more base than acid?

p.31

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which of the following is a strong base according to the text?

p.32

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the normal pH range of blood?

p.32

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What happens if the pH changes in the body?

p.32

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the pH range of stomach acid?

p.32

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the pH of saliva?

p.32

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the pH range of urine?

p.33

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body?

p.33

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which system is NOT one of the three buffering systems for H+ ions?

p.33

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the role of the respiratory system in acid-base balance?

p.33

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

How long does it take for the renal system to respond to acid-base imbalances?

p.33

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which chemical buffer is found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

p.34

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What happens to CO2 levels in the blood when a person holds their breath?

p.34

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is formed when CO2 combines with water in the blood?

p.34

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What do pH sensors in the blood detect when CO2 levels rise?

p.34

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the role of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood?

p.34

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What triggers a person to breathe after holding their breath?

p.35

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the primary role of the lungs in regulating blood chemistry?

p.35

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What happens to pH levels when carbonic acid increases in the blood?

p.35

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

How do chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to changes in pH?

p.35

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

How effective is the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance compared to chemical buffers?

p.35

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the role of the renal system in relation to the respiratory system's function?

p.36

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What role do the kidneys play in regulating blood pH?

p.36

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What happens to blood bicarbonate levels during acidosis?

p.36

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

How do the kidneys respond to alkalosis?

p.36

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the time frame for the kidneys to effectively regulate bicarbonate levels?

p.36

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What effect does the reabsorption of bicarbonate have on urine?

p.37

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the primary change in metabolic acidosis?

p.37

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What compensatory mechanism occurs in respiratory alkalosis?

p.37

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

In respiratory acidosis, what happens to pCO2 levels?

p.37

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the pH change associated with metabolic alkalosis?

p.37

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the compensatory response in metabolic acidosis?

p.38

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a common symptom of Respiratory Acidosis?

p.38

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What causes Respiratory Acidosis?

p.38

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the pH level associated with Respiratory Acidosis?

p.38

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Respiratory Acidosis?

p.38

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the effect of CO2 retention in Respiratory Acidosis?

p.39

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a common symptom of respiratory alkalosis?

p.39

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the typical pH level associated with respiratory alkalosis?

p.39

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is a potential cause of respiratory alkalosis?

p.39

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What happens to pCO₂ levels in respiratory alkalosis?

p.39

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with respiratory alkalosis?

p.40

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a common symptom of metabolic acidosis?

p.40

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism seen in metabolic acidosis?

p.40

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with metabolic acidosis?

p.40

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following causes can lead to metabolic acidosis?

p.40

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What change in level of consciousness might occur in metabolic acidosis?

p.41

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is a common symptom of metabolic alkalosis?

p.41

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following can cause metabolic alkalosis?

p.41

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What compensatory mechanism occurs in response to metabolic alkalosis?

p.41

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which symptom is associated with hypokalemia in metabolic alkalosis?

p.41

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is a potential effect of metabolic alkalosis on heart rhythm?

p.42

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What are the three components of acid-base balance?

p.42

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What causes respiratory acidosis?

p.42

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?

p.42

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Which condition results from hyperventilation?

p.42

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

How common is metabolic alkalosis?

p.43

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What does the acronym 'BRASH' stand for in the context of NSW Ambulance?

p.44

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What does BRASH syndrome stand for?

p.44

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a key factor in the development of BRASH syndrome?

p.44

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Who is at risk for developing BRASH syndrome according to the Venn diagram?

p.44

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

Which medications are associated with BRASH syndrome?

p.44

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the relationship between renal failure and hyperkalemia in BRASH syndrome?

p.45

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is one of the management strategies for bradycardia mentioned in the text?

p.47

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which of the following can lead to impaired aldosterone production?

p.47

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What condition can cause the kidneys to become refractory to aldosterone?

p.48

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is a potential consequence of untreated hyperkalaemia?

p.48

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which ECG change is NOT associated with hyperkalaemia?

p.48

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What should be done if indications for treatment of hyperkalaemia are not present?

p.48

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is one of the causes of hyperkalaemia?

p.48

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is the first step in the treatment flowchart for hyperkalaemia?

p.49

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is a characteristic ECG finding in hyperkalaemia?

p.49

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which of the following is NOT a feature of hyperkalaemia on an ECG?

p.49

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What does PR prolongation on an ECG indicate in the context of hyperkalaemia?

p.49

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

Which arrhythmia is commonly associated with hyperkalaemia?

p.49

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is the significance of wide QRS complex in hyperkalaemia?

p.50

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What ECG change is associated with potassium levels between 5.5-6.5 mmol/L?

p.50

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What happens to P waves when potassium levels reach 6.5-7.0 mmol/L?

p.50

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is a potential ECG finding at potassium levels between 7.0-9.0 mmol/L?

p.50

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is the ECG appearance when potassium levels exceed 9.0 mmol/L?

p.50

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What is the mechanism associated with potassium levels of 6.5-7.0 mmol/L?

p.51

Hyperkalemia Management and Treatment Protocols

What happens to the resting membrane potential (RMP) in hyperkalaemia?

p.51

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Regulation

What is the effect of mild hyperkalaemia on the T wave in an ECG?

p.51

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a consequence of fewer active Na+ channels in hyperkalaemia?

p.51

Chronic Renal Failure Symptoms and Complications

What characterizes moderate hyperkalaemia on an ECG?

p.51

Kidney Failure Types: Acute vs Chronic

What is the severe consequence of hyperkalaemia on the heart?

p.52

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the primary role of calcium gluconate in hyperkalaemia treatment?

p.52

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the onset time for calcium gluconate when administered intravenously?

p.52

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is a potential adverse effect of calcium gluconate administration?

p.52

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What should be done if precipitate is present in the calcium gluconate solution?

p.52

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the maximum total dose of calcium gluconate for a patient aged 16 or older with hyperkalaemia?

p.53

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the primary action of sodium bicarbonate in treating metabolic acidosis?

p.53

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is a contraindication for the use of sodium bicarbonate in NSW Ambulance?

p.53

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the maximum total dose of sodium bicarbonate for hyperkalaemia or tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

p.53

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What adverse effect may occur due to the administration of sodium bicarbonate?

p.53

Pharmacokinetics in Renal Disease

What is the route of administration for sodium bicarbonate in emergency situations?

p.54

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What are the three main characteristics of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

p.54

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What causes the elevation of glucose in Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

p.54

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a consequence of excess glucose in the urine during Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

p.54

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What metabolic process occurs due to starvation in Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

p.54

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What effect does increased acidosis have on potassium levels in Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

p.55

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is the biggest concern when treating children with DKA?

p.55

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of DKA?

p.55

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

What type of breathing is associated with DKA?

p.55

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

Which of the following symptoms indicates dehydration in a DKA patient?

p.55

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

What is a common gastrointestinal symptom of DKA?

p.56

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What are the cardinal features of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

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Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What indicates the severity of DKA?

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Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What is a common cause of severe hyperkalemia in DKA?

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Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Which of the following is NOT a feature of DKA?

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Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

What role do counter-regulatory hormones play in DKA?

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