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Autotrophic (photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic)

A Coccus is a type of bacteria that is spherical in shape.

Protists are single-celled eukaryotes that contain a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are primarily aquatic and can reproduce asexually and sexually.

Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification of organisms, classifying plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs, and animals into two groups: those with red blood and those without red blood.

A Vibrio is a type of bacteria that is comma-shaped.

Thermoacidophiles are a type of Archaebacteria that thrive in extreme conditions, such as high temperature and acidity.

The five kingdoms included are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

They play a crucial role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur.

The Five Kingdom Classification is a system that categorizes living organisms into five groups: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, based on cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.

Diatomaceous earth is the cell wall deposit of diatoms that accumulates over billions of years in their habitat, used in polishing, filtration of oils, and syrups.

Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms: Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.

Amoeboid protozoans are a type of protozoan that live in freshwater, seawater, or moist soil, moving and capturing prey using pseudopodia (false feet).

A Spirillum is a type of bacteria that is spiral in shape.

Prokaryotic

Obligate parasites are organisms that can only reproduce by infecting a host cell and utilizing the host's cellular machinery.

A virus consists of a nucleic acid core (either RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which is made of small subunits called capsomeres.

Fission is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce, involving the division of a single bacterial cell into two identical daughter cells.

Ascospores are sexual spores produced endogenously in sac-like structures called asci, which are characteristic of certain fungi.

Protists have a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotic organisms.

Viruses are non-cellular organisms having an external structure outside the living cell, and they are considered obligate parasites that take over the host's machinery to replicate themselves.

Red dinoflagellates, such as Gonyaulax, undergo rapid multiplication, causing red tides and releasing toxins that can kill marine animals like fishes.

Ciliated protozoans are aquatic organisms that move using thousands of cilia and have a cavity that opens to the outside, allowing them to feed by drawing in water.

Asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes is generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.

Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature and are important decomposers.

Photosynthetic autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food using light energy, such as Cyanobacteria, which contain chlorophyll.

Plasmodium is an aggregation formed by certain protozoans under suitable conditions, which can spread over several feet and differentiate into fruiting bodies under unfavorable conditions.

Zoospores are motile asexual spores that are produced by certain fungi for reproduction.

The fungal component in lichens, known as the mycobiont, absorbs minerals and provides them to the algal partner, while also offering shelter.

Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the fusion of compatible haploid hyphae, leading to the formation of diploid cells and the production of spores through meiosis.

The criteria include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of fungi, providing rigidity and protection.

Dinoflagellates have a protein-rich layer called the pellicle instead of a cell wall, which makes their body flexible.

Autotrophic bacteria are those that synthesize food from inorganic substrates.

DNA transfer is a form of sexual reproduction in bacteria, where genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another, facilitating genetic diversity.

Lichens are considered good pollution indicators because they do not grow in polluted areas, making their presence a sign of a healthy environment.

The main classes of fungi include Chytridiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Deuteromycetes, each with distinct reproductive and morphological characteristics.

Diatoms are important producers in aquatic environments, contributing to the photosynthetic activity and forming the base of the food web in oceans.

Autotrophic organisms are capable of producing their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on consuming other organisms.

Most dinoflagellates have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.

Karyogamy in Basidiomycetes occurs in the basidium, leading to meiosis and the production of four basidiospores.

Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the fusion of two gametes to form zygospores, which can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.

Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae, where both organisms benefit from the relationship.

Chemosynthetic autotrophs are organisms that oxidize inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, using the released energy for ATP production.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are unicellular, colonial, or filamentous marine or terrestrial algae that have chlorophyll similar to green plants and can form blooms in polluted water bodies.

They are used to make curd from milk, produce antibiotics, fix nitrogen in legume roots, and some can be pathogens causing diseases such as cholera, typhoid, tetanus, and citrus canker.

Viruses generally contain either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA, but no virus contains both RNA and DNA.

Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. It can be septate or coenocytic.

Mycoplasmas are organisms without a cell wall, recognized as the smallest living cells, capable of surviving without oxygen.

Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane (biogas) from the dung of ruminant animals like cows and buffaloes.

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes, distinguishing them from prokaryotes.

Protists reproduce both asexually and sexually, with methods including cell fusion and zygote formation.

Diatoms are found in fresh water and marine environments, often floating in water currents as part of the plankton.

Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, but at night, they behave like heterotrophs by predating on small organisms.

Heterotrophic bacteria are those that do not synthesize food but depend on other organisms or organic matter for food.

Protista includes euglenoids, moulds, and protozoans.

A Bacillus is a type of bacteria that is rod-shaped.

Viruses can cause diseases such as mumps, smallpox, herpes, and AIDS, with symptoms that may include mosaic formation, leaf rolling, curling, yellowing, and stunted growth in plants.

Lichens are symbiotic associations between algae (called the photobiont) and fungi (called the mycobiont). The algal component is autotrophic, providing carbohydrates through photosynthesis, while the fungal component is heterotrophic, providing shelter and absorbing mineral nutrients and water.

Conidiophores are specialized hyphae that produce conidia, which are asexual spores in fungi.

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi, providing rigidity and protection.

Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton with siliceous cell walls forming two thin overlapping shells, which fit together like a soap box. They are primarily photosynthetic and are significant producers in ocean ecosystems.

Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be heterotrophic, functioning as predators or parasites, and are considered primitive relatives of animals.

Flagellated protozoans are free-living or parasitic organisms that possess flagella, which they use for movement; some parasitic forms can cause diseases.

The mycelium of Basidiomycetes is branched and septate.

Deuteromycetes, commonly known as imperfect fungi, are characterized by only having their asexual or vegetative phases known, and they are often reclassified when sexual stages are discovered.

Neurospora is a genus of fungi used in biochemical and genetic research due to its simple genetic structure and rapid growth.

The Kingdom Fungi is a group of organisms that includes unicellular and multicellular fungi, characterized by their cell walls made of chitin and their mode of obtaining nutrients through absorption.

Algae are primarily aquatic, photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and they are classified under the kingdom Protista.

Heterocysts are specialized cells in Cyanobacteria that are involved in nitrogen fixation, allowing these organisms to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.

The gelatinous sheath surrounds the colonies of Cyanobacteria, providing protection and helping to maintain the structure of the colony.

Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs through the production of motile zoospores or non-motile spores, such as conidia, which germinate to form mycelium.

Fungi play various ecological roles including being saprophytic decomposers, parasitic organisms, and coprophilous fungi that grow on dung.

Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic organisms that can appear yellow, green, brown, blue, or red based on the main pigments present in their cells.

Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered viruses in 1892 when he recognized certain microbes that caused mosaic disease in tobacco, which were smaller than bacteria and passed through bacterial filters.

Basidiomycetes include mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs, characterized by a branched and septate mycelium and the production of basidiospores in basidia.

Spores are reproductive structures produced by bacteria under unfavorable conditions, allowing them to survive until conditions improve.

Deuteromycetes are significant because they represent fungi that reproduce only by asexual spores, and their classification can change upon the discovery of sexual stages.

Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs through the production of spores, which can be conidia, sporangiospores, or zoospores.

Prions are abnormally folded proteins that cause some infectious neurological diseases, similar in size to viruses. They cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease in cattle and its analogous variant, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.

Mycorrhiza refers to the symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of higher plants, enhancing nutrient absorption for the plant.

The algal component in lichens, known as the photobiont, is autotrophic and makes carbohydrates through photosynthesis, providing nutrition to the fungus and itself.

Hyphae are the thread-like structures that make up the body of fungi, which can be continuous or divided by septa, and are involved in nutrient absorption.