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What is the approximate ventilation/perfusion ratio in the lungs?
It is approximately 0.8.
What is the term for the air reaching the alveoli per minute?
Alveolar ventilation.
1/96
p.8
Ventilasyon/Perfüzyon Dengesi

What is the approximate ventilation/perfusion ratio in the lungs?

It is approximately 0.8.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the term for the air reaching the alveoli per minute?

Alveolar ventilation.

p.3
Sürfaktan ve Solunum Sistemi Gelişimi

What is the force that prevents alveoli from collapsing?

Surfactant

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Embriyolojisi

What type of cell is described as having granules and containing cytochrome p450 enzymes for detoxification?

Club cell

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the effect of thickening of the respiratory membrane?

It increases the diffusion distance.

p.6
Hypoxia

Which type of hypoxia occurs when there is inadequate blood flow?

Ischemic-Stagnant hypoxia.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

Which cell in the bronchiole epithelium has the ability to regenerate and proliferate by division?

Clara (Club) cell.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What are the carotid chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Arterial O2 decrease.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the role of Substance P on the Pre-Bötzinger center?

It accelerates respiration.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the term for the airways where gas exchange does not occur?

Dead space.

p.6
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve

What is the cause of death in CO poisoning?

Shift of the Hb-O2 curve to the left (due to Hb not releasing O2 to tissues).

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which hormone decreases surfactant production?

Insulin

p.6
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve

What happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve when CO2 increases?

It shifts to the right.

p.6
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve

Why are the dead bodies in CO poisoning pink (light red) in color?

Because there is O2 in the hemoglobin, but it cannot reach the tissues.

p.2
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

What is the epithelial type of the bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What parameter indicates the mid-to-small airway obstruction and flow during forced expiration?

FEF 25-75.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which nerves carry information from peripheral chemoreceptors?

Glossopharyngeal (Hering) and Vagus (Cyon) nerves.

p.6
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve

What is the effect of decreased H+ and CO2 on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

It shifts to the left.

p.6
Hypoxia

What type of hypoxia occurs when there is a lack of hemoglobin to carry oxygen?

Anemic hypoxia.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What are the important characteristics of the bronchioles?

Absence of cartilage, abundant smooth muscle.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

Which channel connects the bronchiole to the alveolus without being attached?

Lambert channel.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which center controls both inspiration and expiration related neurons?

Ventral respiratory group (VRG).

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which receptor is responsible for bronchodilation?

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP).

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

When do primitive alveoli form?

Terminal sac stage.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is the type of epithelium in the alveoli?

Simple squamous.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage.

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the term for the ability of a unit change in pressure to cause a change in volume?

Compliance

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

How is Residual Volume (RV) measured?

Using the helium dilution method and plethysmography.

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What is the term for the air expelled after a deep inspiration?

Forced vital capacity (FVC).

p.7
Ventilasyon/Perfüzyon Dengesi

What is the normal V/Q ratio in the lungs?

0.8.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which center provides quiet respiration?

Dorsal neuron group.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What effect does atropine have on the bronchioles?

It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, dilating the bronchioles.

p.1
Sürfaktan ve Solunum Sistemi Gelişimi

In which period does surfactant synthesis begin?

Canalicular stage.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is the epithelium of the bronchioles?

Initially simple ciliated columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium (non-respiratory bronchioles contain simple cuboidal epithelium).

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Where are the medullary chemoreceptors located and what stimulates them?

Medullary chemoreceptors are stimulated when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the blood increases.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What are the parameters that affect the diffusion rate of gases through the respiratory membrane?

Gas diffusion coefficient, solubility of the gas in the membrane, surface area of the membrane, and thickness of the membrane.

p.3
Sürfaktan ve Solunum Sistemi Gelişimi

What is the main component of surfactant?

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

p.6
Respiratory Physiology

What is the name for the process of taking chloride from the periphery and releasing it in the lung capillaries?

Chloride shift.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What are the channels present between the bronchioles?

Martini channels.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Where is the center that carries the information of decreased PO2 located?

Nucleus tractus solitaryus.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the slow-acting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS) responsible for in the bronchioles?

It constricts them.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

Which stage is the first period of respiratory system development?

Pseudoglandular stage.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is the epithelium type of the bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is found in the vocal cord structure?

Elastic fibers (vocal ligament), stratified squamous epithelium, vocalis muscle.

p.8
Hemoglobin Oksijen Disosiasyon Eğrisi

What is the relationship between P50 value and the green curve on the Hb-Oxygen dissociation curve?

It could be related to the decrease in P50 value.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

Minute ventilation = Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

How does thickening of the respiratory membrane affect gas exchange in interstitial lung diseases?

Thickening of the respiratory membrane increases the diffusion distance.

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which hormones increase surfactant production?

Thyroid, Cortisol, and Estrogen

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What primarily increases the respiratory volume of a young adult engaging in moderate physical activity?

Inspiratory reserve volume.

p.7
Ventilasyon/Perfüzyon Dengesi

Where in the lungs is ventilation/perfusion ratio best?

Apex.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which center works in addition to the quiet respiration center during intense exercise?

Ventral neuron group.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors the most?

Decrease in arterial O2.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

Which stage is characterized by the appearance of the blood-air barrier and the initial gas exchange?

Terminal sac stage.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What are found in the olfactory mucosa?

Supporting cells, basal cells, olfactory cells, Bowman's glands (lack of goblet cells).

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

At which vertebra level do the bronchi bifurcate?

T4.

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the nerve responsible for quiet respiration?

Phrenic nerve

p.3
Solunum Sistemi Embriyolojisi

Which cell secretes surfactant?

Type II alveolar cell

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

Which volume increase leads to a decrease in vital capacity?

Residual volume.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of channels facilitate the inter-alveolar passage?

Alveolar pores.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What ions enter the cell for transmitter release from glomus cells?

Calcium.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the reflex that prevents excessive lung stretching and damage?

Hering-Breuer reflex.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Embriyolojisi

From which cell origin are the cartilages of the larynx?

Neural crest.

p.1
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

Which cell in the respiratory epithelium has a neurosensory receptor function?

Brush cell.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of epithelium is the true vocal cord?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

p.8
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is the expected change in arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH during strenuous exercise in a healthy athlete?

No change (E) in arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH.

p.5
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What is alveolar ventilation and how is it calculated?

Alveolar ventilation is the amount of fresh air reaching the alveoli per minute and is calculated as (Tidal Volume - Dead Space) x Respiratory Rate.

p.6
Hemoglobin Oxygen Dissociation Curve

What does Ferrous iron (methemoglobin) do to the Hb-O2 curve?

Shifts it to the left.

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What is the term for the air expelled after a maximum inspiration?

Vital capacity.

p.2
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

Which cells are found in the bronchiolar epithelium?

Cuboidal ciliated cells, clara cells, brush cells, and small granular cells.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is the most abundant cell in the alveolar epithelium?

Type I pneumocyte (flat alveolar cell).

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which center stimulates inspiration by affecting the quiet respiration center?

Apneustic center.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

What conditions stimulate the chemoreceptors related to respiration?

Decrease in oxygen pressure, increase in carbon dioxide pressure, increase in H+ ions (acidosis), decrease in pH, and hypoventilation.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

Which stage of lung development continues after birth?

Alveolar stage.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of neuron is the olfactory or smell cell?

Bipolar neuron.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

Into which bronchus do foreign bodies most commonly enter?

Right bronchus.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What are the histological structures of the trachea?

Lymphoid tissue, Hyaline cartilage, Thick basal membrane, Elastic membrane (Bowman's gland is not present in the olfactory region).

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What is the volume of air expelled after a maximal inspiration?

Vital capacity.

p.2
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

Which cell in the alveolar epithelium is responsible for surfactant secretion, detoxification, and division?

Type II pneumocyte (Type II pneumocyte's other names: Great alveolar cell, septal cell).

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which center from the pons delays the closure of the ramp signal?

Apneustic center.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Embriyolojisi

Where does the respiratory system embryologically originate from?

Endoderm.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Where does gas exchange in the respiratory tract begin?

In the respiratory bronchioles.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

Which neurons in adult life have the ability to undergo mitosis?

Olfactory bipolar neurons, hippocampal neurons.

p.7
Akciğer Hacim ve Kapasiteleri

What does FEV1/FVC (Tiffeneau index) indicate if it is low?

Obstructive disease (Asthma or COPD).

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Which channels close proportionally to hypoxia?

Potassium channels.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

Where are the pacemaker cells located?

In the pre-Bötzinger complex.

p.1
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

Which part of the respiratory system is lined with ectodermal epithelium?

Vestibulum.

p.1
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

What is the stem cell in the respiratory epithelium?

Basal cell.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What type of cartilage is the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage.

p.4
Solunum Sistemi Fizyolojisi

When does central cyanosis occur?

When deoxygenated Hb is more than 5 gr/dl (in arterial blood).

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

What are the stages of embryological development of the lungs?

Pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac, alveolar stage.

p.1
Solunum Epiteli ve Hücre Tipleri

What is the neuroendocrine cell in the respiratory epithelium?

Granular cell (Kulchitsky cell).

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What is the epithelium of the false vocal cord?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Gelişim Evreleri

What is the role of retinoic acid at the beginning of development?

It plays a role in the beginning of development.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What happens in the absence of dynein in ciliated cells?

Kartagener syndrome occurs.

p.1
Solunum Sistemi Histolojik Yapısı

What gland is found in the olfactory region?

Bowman glands.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder