The sarcomere is recognized as the functional unit of muscle, responsible for muscle contraction and the basic structural unit of striated muscle tissue.
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Functional unit of muscle: Sarcomere
What is the functional unit of muscle?
A
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
Which type of muscle contraction involves the shortening of the sarcomere?
D
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What is a key characteristic of eccentric muscle contractions?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What are the two general types of muscle fibers?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is necessary alongside periodic stress to improve muscle contraction according to the overload principle?
E
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What type of workouts are recommended for optimal gains in muscle contraction capacity?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What does the term 'stress homeostasis' refer to in the context of the overload principle?
A
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Focused training
What is the recommended training frequency for established athletes?
D
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What is the primary characteristic of isometric muscle contractions?
A
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
Which type of muscle contraction is noted for having a low metabolic cost with high force production?
A
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Energy expenditure in muscle contractions
How does the VO2 response differ between concentric and eccentric contractions as workload increases?
B
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
What is the structural unit of a skeletal muscle fiber called?
C
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
Which component of the skeletal muscle fiber is responsible for calcium storage?
B
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
What is the function of the transverse tubules in skeletal muscle fibers?
C
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
What is the role of mitochondria in skeletal muscle fibers?
B
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
What is the significance of the triad in skeletal muscle fibers?
D
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Sliding filament theory and muscle contraction
What is the primary role of calcium ions (Ca++) during muscle contraction according to the Sliding Filament Theory?
D
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Sliding filament theory and muscle contraction
What occurs during the 'Recharge' phase of muscle contraction?
A
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Sliding filament theory and muscle contraction
What happens during the 'Relaxation' phase of muscle contraction?
E
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Energy expenditure in muscle contractions
What is the significance of ATP in muscle contraction?
D
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Sliding filament theory and muscle contraction
What initiates the process of muscle contraction according to the Sliding Filament Theory?
B
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What primarily determines the percentage of each muscle fiber type in individuals?
B
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What methods are mentioned for determining muscle fiber types?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Can the enzyme composition of muscle fibers be changed?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What does fiber typing depend on?
A
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What are slow-twitch muscle fibers also known as?
B
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which type of muscle fibers have greater sarcoplasmic reticulum development?
B
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is the characteristic of Type IIa fibers?
B
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which type of muscle fiber is known as fast glycolytic in humans?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What are the subtypes of fast-twitch fibers mentioned?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What type of muscle fibers are characterized as red, oxidative, and aerobic?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type I muscle fibers?
A
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What fuels do Type I muscle fibers primarily utilize?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
Which muscle fibers are recruited first during physical activity?
B
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Skeletal muscle fiber structure and types
What is a key feature of Type I muscle fibers regarding their diameter?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is a characteristic of Type IIa muscle fibers?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which energy pathway is primarily utilized by Type IIa muscle fibers?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What type of activities are Type IIa muscle fibers best suited for?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is a crucial substrate for Type IIa muscle fibers?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
How do Type IIa muscle fibers perform under different conditions?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What are Type IIx muscle fibers primarily known for?
D
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Energy expenditure in muscle contractions
What is the primary energy system used by Type IIx muscle fibers?
D
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
How long can Type IIx muscle fibers sustain explosive work?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is a characteristic of Type IIx muscle fibers regarding fatigue?
A
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which activity is an example of using Type IIx muscle fibers?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Can muscle fibers be converted from one type to another?
A
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Threshold of Firing
What is the threshold of firing for Type I muscle fibers?
C
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Threshold of Firing
Which muscle fiber type has the highest threshold of firing?
A
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Threshold of Firing
How does the threshold of firing for Type IIa muscle fibers compare to Type I muscle fibers?
A
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Threshold of Firing
Which muscle fiber type requires the least amount of stimulus to reach its threshold of firing?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What type of fibers have the fastest conduction velocities?
C
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by a small diameter and lower conduction velocity?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
Which muscle fiber type generally produces the highest twitch force?
E
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is the relationship between twitch speed and muscle fiber type?
C
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is myelin?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What factors influence performance besides fiber typing?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
How is performance characterized according to the text?
A
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is stated about major fiber types during activities?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What does the term 'degrees of freedom' refer to in the context of performance?
D
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What type of feedback is mentioned as necessary to get work done?
A
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is the primary difference between atrophy and sarcopenia?
A
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
At what age does sarcopenia typically begin to affect individuals?
E
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What percentage of the population suffers from sarcopenia by the age of 75?
E
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
Which activities can involve impulse maximization?
A
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What lifestyle factor can help reduce the effects of sarcopenia?
C
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Work vs. Power
What is the formula for work (W)?
A
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Work vs. Power
How is power (P) calculated?
A
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Work vs. Power
Does increased strength always lead to greater power output?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What happens to force production as the number of crossbridges formed increases?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
According to the force-velocity relationship, how does the speed of contraction affect force production?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
At what percentage of 1 RM does peak force typically occur?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the relationship between velocity and force as indicated by the graph?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What does the force-velocity relationship in skeletal muscle describe?
A
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Length-tension relationship
What is the optimal joint angle for maximum force production in muscles?
A
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Length-tension relationship
At which muscle length does maximum tension occur according to the length-tension relationship?
D
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Length-tension relationship
What happens to muscle tension when the fiber is at full stretch?
E
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Length-tension relationship
What is the effect of decreased muscle length on tension production?
B
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Active - Passive Insufficiency
What occurs during active insufficiency in a multi-joint muscle?
B
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Active - Passive Insufficiency
What is an example of active insufficiency involving the rectus femoris?
A
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Active - Passive Insufficiency
What does passive insufficiency prevent in a multi-joint muscle?
A
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Active - Passive Insufficiency
How does maximal hip extension affect knee flexion according to passive insufficiency?
C
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Active - Passive Insufficiency
What is the primary difference between active and passive insufficiency?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What effect does an increased pennation angle have on force production in muscle fibers?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What happens to shortening velocity when the pennation angle decreases?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is fatigue defined as in the context of muscle function?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
Which of the following is a central factor contributing to fatigue?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What role does pH play in muscle fatigue?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the effect of hydration on muscle fatigue?
E
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as a component of fatigue?
E
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the primary focus of the overload principle in muscle contraction?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the principle of specificity in training?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What happens when you train for power?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
Which of the following is NOT a focus of specificity in training?
E
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the outcome of training for endurance?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What do Tillin graphs typically illustrate?
A
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Specificity of Training
What does MST stand for in the context of the training comparison chart?
B
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Rate of Force Production
How does the POST force production of EST compare to PRE force production according to the chart?
D
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Specificity of Training
What is the primary focus of the training discussed in the chart?
B
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Rate of Force Production
What does the asterisk notation in the chart signify?
B
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Specificity of Training
What was the duration of the training program referenced in the chart?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
How many times does an outside hitter jump in a volleyball match?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is the angular velocity of the hip in a jump?
D
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is the angular velocity in a squat exercise?
D
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Energy expenditure in muscle contractions
How long is a play in football?
D
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Length-tension relationship in muscle contraction
How much time is there in between plays in football?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What does the term 'DE - LOAD' imply in the context of muscle training?
B
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is a motor unit composed of?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What type of muscle fibers are found within a motor unit?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What happens to all fibers within a motor unit upon threshold stimulation?
A
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What does the all-or-none law state about motor units?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What occurs if more force is needed during muscle contraction?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What principle describes the recruitment of motor units in muscle contraction?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
In what order are motor units recruited to generate force?
D
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What happens when more motor units are activated?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the significance of the all-or-none response in motor units?
D
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What does the orderly recruitment of motor units help to achieve?
B
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What typically happens to motor units during a task until fatigue occurs?
B
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is a key difference between unfatigued and fatigued sprints?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the effect of fatigue on muscle mass recruitment during sprints?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the main concept of the Overload Principle in muscle contraction?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the primary function of alpha motor neurons?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the typical ratio of muscle fibers to alpha motor neurons in a motor unit for fine motor control?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What type of fibers do gamma motor neurons innervate?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
Which type of neurons are responsible for sensing muscle length?
D
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the role of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) in muscle function?
E
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Efferent and Afferent Neurons
What type of neuron is responsible for carrying signals away from the central nervous system to muscles?
E
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Efferent and Afferent Neurons
Which type of neuron carries sensory information to the central nervous system?
E
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Efferent and Afferent Neurons
What is the role of gamma motor neurons in muscle fibers?
E
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Efferent and Afferent Neurons
What are the two types of afferent axons associated with muscle spindles?
C
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Efferent and Afferent Neurons
What structure surrounds the intrafusal muscle fibers in a muscle spindle?
C
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Focused training
How often should young beginners focus on training for impulse maximization?
E
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What does the All or None Law state about action potentials (AP)?
C
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
How does temperature affect action potentials?
B
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Myelination
What role does myelination play in action potential propagation?
A
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the relationship between motor neuron diameter and motor unit recruitment?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
Which type of motor unit is recruited first during muscle contraction?
C
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is a threshold in the context of motor neuron recruitment?
C
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What is another name for the Stretch Shortening Cycle?
B
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
Which phase of the Stretch Shortening Cycle involves the muscle shortening?
E
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What occurs during the Eccentric phase of the Stretch Shortening Cycle?
C
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What is the purpose of the Pre-activation phase in the Stretch Shortening Cycle?
B
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Types of muscle contractions: Concentric, Eccentri...
What is the Amortization phase in the context of the Stretch Shortening Cycle?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the primary goal of maximizing impulse in the shortest time period?
A
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Motor unit recruitment and the all-or-none law
What is the typical duration for a reflex action?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is a strength issue related to jumping in athletics?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is the 'ideal' height for athletes when jumping?
A
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What happens when the jumping height exceeds 15 inches?
D
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What is a consequence of increased ground time when jumping?
B
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Factors affecting force production in muscles
What effect do taller boxes have on ground time during SSC training?
D
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Muscle fiber types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
What is a key factor in activities such as jumping, throwing, and sprinting?
B
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Energy expenditure in muscle contractions
What is the relationship between taller boxes and cycling time in training?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What defines a muscle spasm?
C
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
When are muscle cramps more commonly experienced?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is a characteristic of muscle cramps?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is associated with muscle cramps?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is a common physical manifestation of a muscle cramp?
D
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is a characteristic of central muscle cramps?
E
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What distinguishes peripheral muscle cramps from central muscle cramps?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What role do 'hot' neurons play in peripheral muscle cramps?
C
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is a potential cause of central muscle cramps?
E
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
Which neurotransmitter is mentioned in relation to muscle cramps?
B
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is the primary pathology associated with muscle cramps according to research findings?
C
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
How does afferent synaptic input affect motor neurons in the context of muscle cramps?
E
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
What is the most likely cause of muscle cramps according to the text?
E
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Muscle cramps: causes and mechanisms
Why is electrolyte imbalance considered very unlikely to cause muscle cramps?
