What do assignment statements model in programming?
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Data piping.
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What do assignment statements model in programming?
Data piping.
What components make up the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
A byte code interpreter and a runtime system.
What are hybrid implementation systems?
A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters.
What primarily determines the speed of a computer?
The connection speed between memory and the processor.
What are the advantages of pure interpretation?
Easier program implementation with immediate error catching.
What are preprocessor macros used for?
To include code from another file.
What factors contribute to the overall cost in programming?
Training, writing, compiling, and maintaining programs.
What type of applications typically use compilation?
Large commercial applications.
What is efficient due to the structure of variables and assignment statements?
Iteration.
Which programming languages have seen a resurgence in pure interpretation?
Web scripting languages such as JavaScript and PHP.
What happens during the code generation phase of compilation?
Converts the intermediate code into machine code.
What is one reason for studying concepts of programming languages?
Increased ability to express ideas.
What transition happened in programming methodologies in the late 1970s?
From process-oriented to data-oriented programming, leading to the emergence of data abstraction.
How does computer architecture influence programming languages?
Programming languages often reflect the underlying hardware architecture.
What is the purpose of type checking?
To ensure type errors are detected.
What is the trade-off between readability and writability?
APL allows compact programs with powerful operators, sacrificing readability.
What is the purpose of compilation in programming?
Translates programs into machine language, including JIT (Just-In-Time) systems.
What is the trade-off of compilation speed versus execution speed?
Slow translation, but results in fast execution.
What is a key cost criterion related to training programmers?
Time and resources required to train programmers.
What is evaluated under the compiling and executing criterion?
Efficiency in compiling and running programs.
What is a load module?
The combined user and system code that can be executed by the computer.
What is a key aspect of data types in readability criteria?
Adequate predefined data types.
What is NetBeans used for?
A visual environment for Java applications.
What are the central features of imperative languages?
Variables, assignment statements, and iteration.
What is the Von Neumann architecture's role in programming languages?
It is the basis for imperative languages, where data and programs are stored in memory.
What type of software combines various types of languages?
Web Software.
What is the advantage of high-level language programs being translated into an intermediate language?
It makes interpretation easier and faster than pure interpretation.
What do JIT systems act as?
Delayed compilers.
What does reliability refer to in programming?
The ability of a program to conform to its specifications and function correctly.
What are the steps in the fetch-execute cycle?
Fetch, increment, decode, execute.
What does orthogonality mean in programming languages?
A small set of primitive constructs combined in a small number of ways, where every combination is legal.
What significant programming paradigm rose in the middle 1980s?
Object-oriented programming (OOP).
What is the overall benefit of mastering language concepts?
Advancement of computing.
In the Von Neumann architecture, how is memory related to the CPU?
Memory is separate from the CPU.
How do readability and writability improve reliability?
Natural expression of algorithms enhances reliability.
What is the von Neumann bottleneck?
A limitation in computer speed caused by the slower memory-processor connection compared to program execution speed.
What is byte code in the context of Java?
An intermediate form that provides portability and can run on any machine with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
What is the first step in the fetch-execute cycle?
Initialize the program counter.
What is a well-known example of a preprocessor?
The C preprocessor.
What does the program counter do in the fetch-execute cycle?
Points to the instruction to be fetched.
What does support for abstraction mean in programming?
The ability to define and use complex structures while ignoring details.
Provide an example of a functional language.
LISP, Scheme, ML, or F#.
What is the primary focus of artificial intelligence applications?
Symbol manipulation rather than numbers.
What type of programming requires efficient execution due to constant use?
Systems Programming.
What is a key characteristic of pure interpretation in programming?
No translation of source code to machine code.
What is the fetch-execute cycle associated with?
Von Neumann architecture computer.
What does the writing programs criterion assess?
How easily programs can be written and applied to specific applications.
What programming concepts were introduced in the late 1960s?
Structured programming and top-down design with step-wise refinement.
What does generality refer to in programming languages?
Applicability to various application domains.
What is meant by well-definedness in programming languages?
Precision and completeness of the language’s definition.
What primarily influences language design?
Machine architecture and software development methodologies.
What does exception handling do?
Catches run-time errors and applies corrective measures.
Which language is commonly used in artificial intelligence?
LISP.
What is the trade-off between reliability and cost of execution?
Java checks all array references for proper indexing, improving reliability but increasing execution cost.
What models memory cells in programming?
Variables.
What are hybrid implementation systems?
A compromise between compilation and interpretation.
What is the purpose of Just-in-Time (JIT) Implementation Systems?
To initially translate programs into an intermediate language and compile it into machine code when subprograms are called.
What was the focus of programming methodologies in the 1950s and early 1960s?
Machine efficiency for simple applications.
What is UNIX?
An older operating system and toolset, often used with a GUI.
What advantage does familiarity with programming concepts provide when learning new languages?
Increased ability to learn new languages more easily.
What are the most important criteria for evaluating programming languages?
Readability, Writability, Reliability, and Cost.
What is the significance of aliasing in programming?
It prevents multiple references to the same memory location.
What does writability refer to in programming languages?
The ease with which a language can be used to create programs.
What does a compiler do?
Translates high-level programs (source language) into machine code (machine language).
What is a disadvantage of pure interpretation?
Slower execution, often 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programs.
When do preprocessors expand macros?
Immediately before compilation.
What is meant by overall simplicity in readability criteria?
A manageable set of features and constructs with minimal operator overloading.
What is linking and loading?
The process of gathering system program units and linking them to the user program.
What does simplicity and orthogonality imply in writability criteria?
Few constructs with a small number of primitives and combination rules.
What is expressivity in programming languages?
Convenient ways of specifying operations with powerful operators and functions.
What defines logic languages?
They are rule-based, where rules can be specified in any order.
Give an example of a logic language.
Prolog.
How does Perl handle program compilation?
Programs are partially compiled to detect errors before interpretation.
What does syntax analysis do in the compilation process?
Transforms lexical units into parse trees, representing the program's syntactic structure.
What happens after fetching the instruction in the fetch-execute cycle?
Increment the counter.
What is Microsoft Visual Studio .NET used for?
Building web and non-web applications in any .NET language.
What type of applications involves large numbers of floating-point computations?
Scientific Applications.
How does pure interpretation work?
Programs are interpreted line-by-line by an interpreter.
What is the first phase of the compilation process?
Lexical analysis: Converts characters in the source program into lexical units.
What is the role of semantics analysis in compilation?
Generates intermediate code.
Which programming languages widely use JIT implementation systems?
Java programs and .NET languages.
What does the maintenance criterion refer to?
Costs related to keeping programs updated and bug-free.
Name an example of an imperative language.
C, Java, Perl, JavaScript, Visual BASIC .NET, or C++.
Which programming language is commonly used for scientific applications?
Fortran.
What is one criterion for evaluating programming languages?
Readability.
What do C++ pointers offer?
Flexibility, but reduce reliability.
What is the typical use case for pure interpretation?
Small programs or cases where efficiency is less important.
What type of systems typically use hybrid implementation?
Small to medium systems where efficiency isn't the primary concern.
What happens to the compiled machine code in JIT systems?
It is stored for future calls, making execution faster on subsequent calls.
How does poor reliability affect long-term costs?
It increases long-term costs.
What does portability refer to in evaluation criteria?
Ease of moving programs between different systems.
Why is studying programming languages important?
It enhances the ability to use various constructs and facilitates learning new languages.
How do functional languages perform computations?
By applying functions to parameters.
What are markup/programming hybrid languages?
Markup languages extended to include programming features.
Provide an example of a markup/programming hybrid language.
JSTL or XSLT.
What does the C preprocessor expand?
#include and #define macros.
How does understanding programming concepts help in language selection?
It helps select the best language for specific tasks.
Why is a better understanding of implementation important?
It can optimize development.
What is an example of a design methodology that influences language design?
Object-oriented programming.
What shift occurred in programming methodologies in the late 1960s?
A shift towards people efficiency, emphasizing readability and better control structures.
What does the term 'Von Neumann Bottleneck' refer to?
A limitation in the speed of data transfer between the CPU and memory.
What are syntax considerations in programming?
Flexible identifier forms, meaningful keywords, and self-descriptive constructs.
How can studying programming languages enhance the use of known languages?
It enhances the efficient use of languages you already know.
What are the main methods of implementing programming languages?
Compilation, Pure Interpretation, and Hybrid Implementation.
What are business applications primarily focused on?
Producing reports and working with decimal numbers and characters.
Which programming language is associated with business applications?
COBOL.
Which programming language is used in systems programming?
C.
Which languages are commonly used in web software?
HTML, PHP, and Java.
What is the trade-off between writability (flexibility) and reliability?
Writability can compromise reliability.
