Lec.7

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0.3 - 0.6 g/day.

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Plasma concentration at steady state.

Cpss stands for steady-state plasma concentration.

The dose regimen determines the pattern of drug concentration in the plasma over time.

To achieve maximum therapeutic effects with minimal toxic effects.

Css is directly proportional to Dose rate and inversely proportional to clearance.

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Using patient variables like age, weight, sex, etc.

It is the plasma concentration at steady state (Cpss).

The manner by which a drug is administered to achieve therapeutic effect with minimal toxic effect, including route of administration, dose, dosing interval, and duration (dosing rate).

To maintain the plasma concentration within a specified range over long periods of therapy.

A correlation exists between them.

The safe range between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration of a drug.

A large amount of drug administered to the body to rapidly achieve therapeutic concentration.

Penicillin.

A regular, ongoing dose to maintain the desired drug concentration in the body.

The measurement of medication concentrations in blood.

The minimum toxic concentration.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

0.4 ng/mL.

Digoxin.

Variability in drug absorption or metabolism, physiological differences, disease state, drug interactions, and receptor state.

If rapid effects are warranted.

1. Therapeutic process (e.g., lowering blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs) 2. Pharmacodynamic process (e.g., using surrogate markers such as blood glucose with insulin) 3. Pharmacokinetics process (e.g., Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)).

In medication inserts, books (e.g. Physicians Desk Reference), and articles.

Pharmacogenetic factors.

Single administration, repeated administration, infusion, fixed dose - fixed interval.

Strict adherence to the prescribed drug regimen.

Half-life of the drug.

The same dose that is appropriate for most patients.

They involve multiple IV injections or multiple oral administrations.

Measuring plasma concentration (narrow therapeutic index and personal variability).

The dose needed to produce maximal therapeutic effect but cannot be given due to intolerable adverse effects.

Analgesic dose for headache (0.3 - 0.6 g/day), antiplatelet dose (75 - 150 mg/day), and anti-inflammatory dose for rheumatoid arthritis (3 - 5 g/day).

The minimum effective concentration.

BSA is used to adjust drug doses based on a patient's size, allowing for more accurate dosing.

Dose = D( Fn )( Fp ) + D( 1 - Fn )

The maintenance rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of elimination at steady state.

First order elimination.

Body Surface Area (BSA) is a measure used to calculate drug doses based on a patient's size.

Approximately 4 half-lives.

It accumulates in the body until elimination balances input and a steady state plasma concentration (Cpss) is attained.

Loading dose = Vd x Target concentration x Bioavailability

Calculate the additional dose needed based on the initial plasma concentration and the desired concentration.

Adherence to the scheduled time for taking drugs.

The appropriate amount of a drug needed to produce a certain degree of response in a patient.

Prophylactic dose, therapeutic dose, or toxic dose.

Intravenous drugs.

D = dose of a normal subject, Fn = fractional renal clearance of normal subject, Fp = fractional renal clearance of patient subject.

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High doses fluctuate less than low doses but attain higher peak levels.

Low initial dose and upward titration in most non-critical situations, or high initial dose and downward titration in critical situations.

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