Cell Biology-All Parts-Fall2024_Version 2

Transcription and translation.

The boundary between the outside and the inside of the cell.

It is essential for the cell’s survival.

Inequal distribution of ions.

A stack of flattened vesicles known as cisternae.

A difference in the concentration of ions across a membrane.

A process that directly uses ATP energy to transport a solute against its concentration gradient.

To produce two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

They are genetically different.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

To various destinations inside or outside the cell.

Impermeable junctions that prevent substances from penetrating through the cellular layer.

During metaphase when chromosomes are duplicated, condensed, and most visible.

An electrochemical gradient.

Cristae.

The plasma membrane.

Via peptide bonds.

Single-membrane organelles that bud from the Golgi complex.

A double helix composed of two strands of polynucleotides.

Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient.

They are genetically identical.

Various types of proteins.

They help move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.

Chains of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.

ATP energy.

To produce four genetically diverse gametes.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

G1, S, and G2 phases.

It plays an important role in cell division.

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

The nuclear envelope.

Essential for the cell's survival, growth, and overall functioning.

Prometaphase.

Sperm Cells.

The sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide.

A chain of polypeptides.

4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.

Translation.

A specific amino acid at one end.

The 'powerhouses' of the cell.

Initiation.

Facilitated diffusion of glucose.

A double membrane consisting of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

Autophagy.

Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form chromatin.

Five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

Prophase.

Two complete sets of chromosomes, each inherited from one parent.

A combination of factors including shortening of telomeres and accumulation of cellular damage.

Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.

Microtubules.

The sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule.

The division of the cytoplasm following the second meiotic division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A segment of DNA where transcription begins, serving as binding sites for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins.

Hydrolases, which are enzymes that digest various biological molecules.

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.

A selectively permeable barrier.

Blood Cells.

A diploid cell called a zygote.

Responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.

The sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium out of and potassium into the cell.

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein.

To maintain cell shape and anchor/move organelles.

It is closely related in proximity and function.

Termination, when a stop codon is reached.

Division of the nucleus.

It reduces the number of chromosomes by half.

Proton (H+) Pump.

Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.

The process that divides the cytoplasm of a cell into two daughter cells after the first meiotic division.

Vesicles.

Its shape and specific organelles and subcellular structures.

A linear chain of polypeptides.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Pyrimidines: Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C); Purines: Adenine (A) & Guanine (G).

Yes, more than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

A cell.

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

A process by which cells transport substances into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles.

The process of transporting molecules across a membrane via protein carriers or channels without energy input.

Nerve Cells.

A selectively permeable plasma membrane.

Vesicles transport substances into the cell during the endocytosis process.

Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.

In kidney cells, stomach, and intestinal cells.

Epithelial Cells (Skin).

Gene expression.

Stores genetic information.

They are hydrophilic (water-loving) and align on both sides of the membrane.

mRNA is synthesized through a process called transcription, where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA.

A decondensed state throughout the nucleus.

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER has no role in protein synthesis.

It refers to the peptidyl site in ribosomes where the growing polypeptide chain is held.

The sequence of DNA.

After synthesis, mRNA undergoes processing, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, before it is translated into protein.

It condenses to form chromosomes.

Large, complex polymers made of amino acid molecules.

A pre-existing gradient.

2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

To primary active transport.

The movement of molecules across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

A sequence of 3 bases in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

To reduce the chromosome number by half and produce haploid cells.

It is a phospholipid bilayer made of two layers.

They are related to one another, known as the Structure-Function Relationship.

Spike proteins.

A segment of DNA where transcription ends.

To sort and package modified proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules.

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy input.

Its concentration gradient.

ACE2 cell receptors.

A photographic representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.

A pairs with T and C pairs with G, both via hydrogen bonds.

Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.

It provides structural support.

Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.

mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.

Due to higher ACE2 expression in the heart and lungs.

Three bases.

Haploid cells (gametes, e.g., spermatozoa and ova).

Nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

It typically refers to the exit site in ribosomes during protein synthesis.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane through water channels.

The digestion of an entire cell.

By facilitated transport down its concentration gradient with the help of a protein carrier called transporter.

In groups of 3 bases, known as codons.

No, cellular energy is not required.

A particular amino acid, including Start and Stop codons.

Some forms of Diabetes may occur.

Cellular senescence and apoptosis.

They fuse with and digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis, such as phagocytosis.

An anticodon, which is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.

The nucleus.

Electric features and size of molecules.

Cells.

Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equatorial plane.

DNA.

Proteins and lipids on the exterior leaflet.

The primary role of mRNA is to serve as a template for protein synthesis during translation.

The anticodon is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

A series of events that occurs in a cell as it grows and divides.

A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Two centrioles oriented at right angles to each other.

mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.

They gain water and may swell or burst.

A process where molecules pass through the plasma membrane via special protein channels.

Anaphase.

A programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates damaged or malfunctioning cells.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Substances move down their concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

Thymine (T).

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

RNA polymerase.

Hydrophobic molecules, gases, and small uncharged molecules.

From pre-existing cells.

They perform specific functions necessary for cell survival and operation.

A continuous network of membranes that interacts with other membranes in the cell.

It refers to the aminoacyl site in ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids during translation.

They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.

46 chromosomes.

Transcription and translation.

They are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and align in the interior of the membrane.

Essential cell proteins and large molecules.

5 phases: Prophase I, Prometaphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.

Protein synthesis and modification.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Direct communication between cells and passage of ions and small molecules.

5 phases: Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs liquid and small particles.

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

In neurons and muscle cells, including cardiac cells.

Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C).

The chromosome number is halved in the daughter cells.

Uracil (U).

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

Uracil (U).

They sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs.

It is crucial for protein synthesis and is a fundamental component of ribosomes.

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Nucleosomes.

Cytoplasmic outgrowths extending from the plasma membrane.

It increases genetic variation among offspring.

The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Ribonucleic acid.

They lose water and may shrink.

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Deoxyribose.

The DNA sequence is copied into mRNA.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.

mRNA.

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify which amino acids will be added during protein synthesis.

Nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group.

The chromosome number remains the same as the parent cell.

23 pairs (46 chromosomes).

It is pivotal in maintaining the health of an organism.

Breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which ultimately affects the protein's structure and function.

Substances move down their concentration gradient during passive transport.

Sequences of 3 nucleotides in the mRNA.

They move eggs to the uterus.

Single strand.

Structures that connect cells to each other, facilitating communication and adhesion.

A substance found within the respiratory epithelium.

The concentration gradient of water.

Large molecules, particles, or even other cells.

Bivalent/Tetrad.

Charged molecules and ions.

The cell divides into two haploid cells, each with half the original chromosome number.

Nucleoplasm.

Transfers genetic information from DNA to form a protein.

In epidermis and cardiac cells.

One strand of polynucleotides.

Openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate transportation of molecules.

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

Ribose.

They have a thin diameter.

Liver cells, pancreatic cells, neurons, and muscle cells.

It may increase the genetic variation of a species.

Primary, secondary (coupled), phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

To move an entire cell.

A site where arms of chromosomes separate but remain adhered at a crossover site.

Nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus.

One member of each pair is inherited from each parent.

Lipids and steroids such as cholesterol and its derivatives (e.g., estrogens, testosterone).

It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, such as glucose.

The incorporation of specific amino acids or termination of protein synthesis.

Inclusion bodies commonly found in fat cells.

1 type.

3 types.

The process of transporting substances across a membrane with the help of carrier proteins.

Division of the cytoplasm.

To produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.

Cilia are short and numerous, while flagella are long and single.

Somatic (body) cells.

They provide pathways for specific ions and molecules to cross the plasma membrane.

The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Structures that connect cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.

Cilia are about 20 times shorter than flagella.

Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Proteins and waste products.

22 + XY.

Synthesis of lipids and steroids, detoxification of harmful substances, storage and release of Ca2+ ions, and carbohydrate metabolism.

The DNA template strand.

The fluid filling the inside of a cell that contains organelles, solutes, and nutrients.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

They move to opposite ends of the cell.

It stores and releases Ca2+ ions that trigger muscle contraction.

Chromosomes de-condense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.

Directs the synthesis of a protein.

The process that follows mitosis, dividing the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

By the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA.

Organizing microtubules and cell division.

By producing new cells for tissue growth and repair.

Barrel-shaped cellular protein complexes that contain proteases.

To degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cytoplasmic proteins into small peptides and amino acids.

They are recycled back to the cytosol.

In the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.

Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes.

Interphase and Mitosis.

Nucleus.

Metaphase.

A chemical process in which sugar molecules attach to proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids unnaturally.

Actin filaments.

Germ cells (sperm and egg).

The process by which cells take in materials by engulfing them in vesicles.

To prevent the leakage of materials between cells.

To move fluids along a cell's surface.

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

Ribosomes facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins by linking amino acids together.

Harmful substances.

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

To synthesize proteins and lipids.

Dense spherical structures in the nucleus that are sites of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

27 microtubules (9 triplets).

Each pair duplicates into two sister chromatids held together by a centromere.

Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis based on the genetic code in mRNA.

The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.

In liver and muscle cells.

They play an important role in apoptosis.

Synapsis.

The same genetic information.

22 + XX.

A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Physical exchange between chromosome pieces of the crossing bivalent.

Diploid (2N).

It helps maintain cell turgor and homeostasis.

During mitosis.

Telophase.

To allow communication and transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.

Chromatin.

By forming junctions that provide mechanical links and enable surface receptors to recognize ligands on other cells.

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

To produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Ions, vitamins, nucleotides, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, minerals.

It is the second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis.

To display information and facilitate teaching.

Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, which begin to de-condense.

A pairs with U and C pairs with G via hydrogen bonds.

Melanin.

By degrading and recycling proteins, thus regulating various cellular processes.

An alternative pathway for cells that postpone division or never divide again.

Made up of 9 circular triplets of microtubules.

The mRNA sequence is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, forming a protein.

It carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome.

They help specific molecules cross the plasma membrane without using energy.

It duplicates.

The mRNA sequence is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.

It is the first gap phase where the cell grows.

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).

In the trachea and fallopian tubes (oviduct).

Amino acids.

Provides structural support and aids in cell movement.

Structures within the cytoplasm that store various substances.

By writing, drawing, or solving problems on it.

It serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA.

Encourages participation and visual learning.

They are injected into the core proteasome and degraded into small peptides and amino acids.

They facilitate the translation of mRNA into a protein.

Synthesis of DNA occurs.

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C).

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Double strand.

Facilitate movement of the cell or movement of substances across the cell surface.

Chalk or markers (for whiteboards).

U replaces T.