What surrounds the genetic material in a virus?
Click to see answer
A protein shell.
Click to see question
What surrounds the genetic material in a virus?
A protein shell.
Who proposed the idea of 'a life force' in all matter causing spontaneous generation?
John Needham.
Which university is associated with the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the provided text?
The University of Sydney.
What does 'MDR-TB' stand for?
Multidrug resistant TB.
What type of structure do bacteria have?
Unicellular structure.
Can viruses replicate without a host cell?
No, viruses cannot replicate without a host cell.
What are the two main types of cellular organization?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.
What type of bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections, especially in open wounds?
Staphylococcus.
When did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain work on developing the first really effective antibiotic?
Between 1935 and 1945.
What is the plural form of 'fungi'?
Fungus
Which bacterium is known to be engulfed by macrophages?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What can happen when microbiota are in the wrong location or conditions change?
They can lead to infections.
Why are Africa and South East Asia particularly affected by certain diseases?
Due to various factors including difficulty in treatment and diagnosis.
Which part of the body does tuberculosis primarily infect?
The lungs.
What are Koch's Postulates?
A set of criteria established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease.
In what year did Robert Hooke discover the microscopic structure of blue molds?
What type of organisms are capable of photosynthesis?
Photosynthetic organisms.
What are prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
They are among the simplest forms of life and include two main groups: bacteria and archaea.
What proportion of the world's population is estimated to be infected with certain diseases?
One-third of the world's population.
How does tuberculosis spread from person to person?
By airborne droplets, typically through coughing.
What concept was Lazzaro Spallanzani challenging with his experiment?
Spontaneous Generation.
Who said, 'As soon as the right method was found, discoveries came as easily as ripe apples from a tree'?
Robert Koch
What did John Needham believe was present in all matter?
A life force.
Why is it difficult to diagnose certain diseases?
Because the symptoms are non-specific.
What was the result of Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment with sealed flasks?
No growth.
What are some crucial contributions to microbiology made by the University of Sydney?
Vaccination, Fermentation, Pasteurisation.
Who disproved the theory that 'life does not arise from non-life'?
Louis Pasteur.
What are some symptoms of tuberculosis?
Cough, chest pain, weight loss, and potentially death.
Which other scientist's findings paralleled Koch's discoveries?
Louis Pasteur.
Why is tuberculosis considered an old disease with new problems?
Despite being an ancient disease, it continues to pose significant health challenges today.
What magnification did Robert Hooke use to observe blue molds?
30x magnification.
Which university is estimated to have saved 100,000 lives in WWII through penicillin mass production?
The University of Sydney.
What is the fourth criterion of Koch's postulates?
The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally-infected host.
What does it mean when a disease is 'latent'?
It means the disease can exist for many years without showing symptoms.
What does 'XDR-TB' stand for?
Extensively drug-resistant TB.
What are the smallest cellular organisms?
Bacteria.
Can bacteria replicate without a host cell?
Yes, bacteria can replicate without a host cell.
Who discovered the microscopic structure of blue molds?
Robert Hooke.
In which decade did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
1850s.
What process involves heating liquids to kill harmful bacteria without affecting the liquid's quality?
Pasteurisation.
What do viruses steal from host cells?
Nutrients, energy, etc.
What advantage does solid growth media (agar) have over broth?
Solid growth media (agar) allows for the isolation of colonies, whereas previously bacteria were grown in broth.
What is an example of a new problem with an old pathogen in animals?
Koala Chlamydia.
Where are microbiota found in the human body?
At specific sites specialized for that site.
What type of cells are Fungi (Eukaryotes)?
Large complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.
What genetic material can be found in viruses?
DNA or RNA.
What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Who were the key figures behind the development of the first really effective antibiotic at the University of Sydney?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.
What distinguishes true 'free-living' bacteria?
They are single cells that can function and replicate with their own metabolism.
Who demonstrated that microbes are the causative agents of disease in the 1880s?
Robert Koch.
What was the prevailing theory about the cause of disease before microbes were identified as causative agents?
Miasma (bad air).
Why do viruses depend on host cells?
For replication and metabolism.
What roles do bacteria play in the environment?
Primary producers and decomposers.
How many microbial cells live in and on the human body?
40 trillion microbial cells.
Why are we making things worse with the overuse of antimicrobials?
Antibiotic resistance.
What is the term used to describe the microbial cells that live in and on us?
Microbiota.
How many lives is the University of Sydney estimated to have saved during WWII through penicillin mass production?
100,000 lives.
What was the first evidence provided by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's observations?
The first evidence of bacteria and protists.
How many lives have been saved since WWII due to penicillin mass production?
Over 200 million lives.
What is the 'One Health' concept?
The 'One Health' concept is an approach that recognizes the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected.
Who repeated the experiment with sealed flasks to challenge spontaneous generation?
Lazzaro Spallanzani.
What was the first really effective antibiotic developed by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?
Penicillin.
How did penicillin help during World War II?
It helped fight disease.
How long did it take for penicillin to reach mass production?
20 years.
What staining methods for microscopy were contributed by the University of Sydney?
The University of Sydney contributed to the development of staining methods for microscopy.
How does the microbiota prime the immune system?
By providing better protection against pathogens.
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause disease under specific conditions.
What are some examples of complex organelles found in Eukaryotes?
Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
What are examples of microscopic structures in fungi?
Spores.
What does the germ theory of disease state?
The germ theory states that specific diseases are caused by specific kinds of microbes.
What is the singular form of 'bacteria'?
Bacterium
What concept did John Needham support in the 1700s?
Spontaneous generation.
What are predatory protists called?
Protozoa.
Which bacteria can cause tooth decay by creating acids from sugars?
Streptococcus.
Which university is associated with the statement 'Life does not arise from non-life'?
The University of Sydney.
What scientific concept did Louis Pasteur disprove?
Spontaneous generation.
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming.
Does overuse of antimicrobials contribute to disease problems?
Yes.
How do bacteria obtain energy?
By breaking down particular nutrients they pick up from the environment.
What are some examples of new problems with old pathogens in humans?
Malaria, tuberculosis.
What are the smallest and simplest biological entities?
Viruses.
What is the name of the mould that produced penicillin?
Penicillium notatum.
Are viruses cellular or acellular?
Acellular.
What is the One Health concept?
It is the consideration of animals, plants, and the environment when managing human diseases.
What are some examples of complex organelles in fungi?
Complex organelles include those found in both unicellular and multicellular fungi.
What are some global factors that influence the spread of diseases according to the One Health concept?
Urbanisation, globalisation, climate change, and pollution.
What type of organisms can create their own energy using the sun?
Photosynthetic protists.
What do protozoa feed on?
Other microorganisms.
What are the two types of disease-causing microorganisms?
Obligate and Opportunistic.
What is an obligate pathogen?
A microorganism that always causes disease.
Do we need to kill 99.9% of germs in our homes?
No.
Can we keep coming up with new antibiotics?
No.
What are some examples of emerging infections due to new pathogens in animals?
Chytrid fungus (frogs), Varroa mites (bees).
Which microbiological process is essential for producing alcohol and other products from sugars?
Fermentation.
What nutritional benefits does the microbiota provide?
It helps break down starch into glucose and synthesizes vitamins.
Which bacteria were identified using the methods developed by the University of Sydney?
The bacteria causing tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax were identified using these methods.
What type of microorganisms mostly make up the human microbiota?
Mostly bacteria.
What are some examples of unicellular Eukaryotes?
Yeasts.
What type of cellular structures do algae have?
Complex cellular structures.
What bacterium causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What condition did Lazzaro Spallanzani create by sealing the flasks?
Anaerobic condition.
What was the challenge in disproving spontaneous generation?
Allowing air to enter but not bacteria.
What are some examples of emerging infections due to new pathogens in humans?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Zika, Ebola, etc.
In what year was penicillin discovered?
What theory did Koch and Pasteur's findings support?
The Germ Theory of Disease.
What term did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek use to describe the microorganisms he observed?
Wee animalcules.
What is the title of the book published by Robert Hooke in 1665?
Micrographia.
What is a key feature of eukaryotic cells found in fungi?
Membrane-bound nucleus.
What is the 'One Health' concept?
'One Health' is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
How does normal flora benefit the human body?
Normal flora can prevent the colonization of pathogens, aid in digestion, and contribute to the immune system.
What are some examples of multicellular Eukaryotes?
Moulds and mushrooms.
What are the five major types of microbes?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and algae.
Name one major problematic infectious disease.
Tuberculosis.
What is a significant challenge in treating new strains of TB?
They are resistant to antibiotic treatment.
What are two complex features of bacteria?
Self-replicating and having their own metabolism.
How do bacteria divide?
By binary fission.
What type of flasks did Louis Pasteur use to disprove spontaneous generation?
'Swan-necked' flasks.
What is the second criterion of Koch's postulates?
The organism must be isolated from the diseased host in pure culture.
What is normal flora?
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that are typically found in and on the human body without causing disease.
What is the purpose of vaccination in microbiology?
To stimulate the immune system to protect against specific diseases.
What is an example of a new problem with an old pathogen in plants?
Panama disease (banana).
What was Robert Hooke known for besides being a scientist?
He was also an excellent artist.
What is an example of a normal microorganism that can become an opportunistic pathogen?
Staphylococcus.
How do viruses exist?
As a ball of nucleic acid.
What type of cells are eukaryotes?
Large complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.
What invention allowed scientists to observe microorganisms for the first time?
Microscopy.
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease under specific conditions.
Can microbes have pathogens?
Yes, microbes can have pathogens too.
Who is considered the 'father of microbiology'?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
What solid growth media did the University of Sydney contribute to microbiology?
The University of Sydney contributed the use of agar as a solid growth media.
What type of bacteria was killed by the mould discovered by Alexander Fleming?
Staphylococcus.
How does the microbiota compete with pathogens?
By occupying niches and resources that pathogens would otherwise use.
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries reveal about microbes?
That microbes are everywhere.
How was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek perceived by some people during his time?
He was considered crazy.
How does the microbiota help in synthesizing vitamins?
Certain microbes in the microbiota can synthesize essential vitamins that the host can then use.
Can normal flora become pathogenic?
Yes, normal flora can become opportunistic pathogens if they enter sterile areas of the body or if the immune system is compromised.
Which kingdom do yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms belong to?
Fungi.
What is the purpose of agar plates in microbiology?
Agar plates are used to culture and grow microorganisms.
Who discovered penicillin and what is its significance?
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which is significant as the first antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.
What is the 'One Health' concept?
The 'One Health' concept recognizes that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected.
What is the first criterion of Koch's postulates?
The organism must be found in all cases of the disease.
What do viruses use from the host cell to replicate?
Host cell machinery.
What is the third criterion of Koch's postulates?
The organism must produce the same disease in an experimentally-infected host.
Who was the first to use the word 'cell'?
Robert Hooke.
What are pathogens?
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in their host.
Who used the methods developed by the University of Sydney to identify bacteria causing diseases?
Robert Koch used these methods to identify bacteria causing tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
When and how is the human microbiota acquired?
At birth, from diet, and environment.
What are examples of unicellular fungi?
Yeasts.
What are examples of multicellular fungi?
Moulds.
Give an example of a pandemic that highlights the importance of the One Health concept.
The 1980s HIV pandemic.
What was the theory of spontaneous generation?
The theory that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek develop in 1684?
Powerful microscopes with 300x magnification.
What are the characteristics of viruses in terms of size and genome?
They have a small size and genome.
What type of cells do fungi have?
Large complex cells (Eukaryotes).
What is the impact of viruses on organisms and ecosystems?
They have a huge impact.
What term did Alexander Fleming use to describe the substance that killed many bacteria?
'Mould juice'.
What role does the microbiota play in breaking down nutrients?
It helps break down complex carbohydrates like starch into simpler forms like glucose.
Can viruses replicate or have their own metabolism?
No, they cannot replicate or have their own metabolism.
Can fungi be both microscopic and macroscopic?
Yes, fungi can be both microscopic and macroscopic.
Do Koch's postulates still underlie medical microbiology today?
Yes, Koch's postulates still underlie medical microbiology today.
What is zoonosis?
Zoonosis is the cross-infection of diseases from animals to humans.
Can Eukaryotes be both unicellular and multicellular?
Yes, Eukaryotes can be both unicellular and multicellular.
What is a 'superbug' in the context of opportunistic pathogens?
A strain of Staphylococcus that has gained antibiotic resistance.
What do viruses need to replicate?
A host cell.
What are examples of macroscopic structures in fungi?
Fruiting bodies.
What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
They have a membrane-bound nucleus.
What does the term 'others' refer to in the context of eukaryotes?
It refers to the huge diversity in morphology, lifestyle, and evolution among eukaryotic organisms.
What are Koch's postulates?
A set of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
Under what conditions can opportunistic pathogens cause disease?
Large numbers (abnormally high cell density), wrong location, compromised host health (immune system), and presence of virulence factors (such as antibiotic resistance).
What are some environmental factors that need to be considered in the One Health concept?
Environmental origins, antimicrobials in agriculture, urbanisation, globalisation, climate change, and pollution.
How can antimicrobials in agriculture affect human health?
They can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, impacting the effectiveness of treatments for human diseases.
What is the difference between normal flora and pathogens?
Normal flora are harmless or beneficial microorganisms that reside in the body, while pathogens are harmful microorganisms that cause disease.
How does the human microbiota differ?
It differs between individuals, locations, and times.
Why is the 'One Health' approach important?
The 'One Health' approach is important because it promotes a holistic understanding of health that can lead to better disease prevention and control strategies.
What are some examples of complex organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
What are protists?
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
