What is the limitation regarding the long-term safety of NMN?
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Long-term safety data is limited since NMN is a relatively new supplement.
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What is the limitation regarding the long-term safety of NMN?
Long-term safety data is limited since NMN is a relatively new supplement.
If the DV for a nutrient is 300 mcg and a food has 30 mcg, what is the % DV for that nutrient?
10%.
Why is calcium important in the diet?
Calcium is essential for bone health and various bodily functions.
Who should consider taking calcium supplements?
Those not getting enough calcium from food and women who have reached menopause.
What is the role of antioxidants in the body?
Eliminating free radicals from our body.
What is the acceptable daily intake for certain substances?
53 (units not specified).
How does calcium consumption affect colon health?
Research suggests a 35% reduction in some colon cancers with higher doses (1,250 mg calcium/day).
What is the role of minerals in daily life?
Minerals are essential for various bodily functions and overall health.
How can diet and dietary supplements contribute to health?
They can help in disease prevention.
Why do sweeteners taste sweet?
Because they bind to specific receptor proteins in our taste buds.
What role does molecular science play in daily life?
It helps in understanding the impact of diet and supplements on health.
What are the two main types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
What is the primary issue in diabetes related to insulin?
The pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
What role do vitamins B and C play in health?
They are important for preventing heart disease.
How does dietary variation affect health?
Dietary variation between regions can influence nutrient intake and disease prevalence.
What is a significant risk associated with fat-soluble vitamins?
Risk of toxicity due to excess levels building up in the body.
Why is it difficult to supplement NMN through diet alone?
Because beneficial foods alone may not provide sufficient NMN.
What is diabetes?
A chronic condition that affects how the body processes blood sugar (glucose).
Why is it difficult to maintain NAD+ as a straight supplement in capsule form?
Because it degrades quickly when exposed to light, heat, and water.
What are some sources of Vitamin D?
Sun exposure, tuna, and sardines.
Can you name some examples of minerals?
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are examples of minerals.
What occurs to orally-administered NAD+ during digestion?
It is broken down into common NAD+ precursors.
What are the precursors of NAD+?
Tryptophan, nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinic acid (NA or niacin), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).
How does NMN affect NAD+ levels in cells?
It helps increase NAD+ levels.
What is Percent Daily Value (% DV)?
It indicates how much a nutrient in a single serving contributes to your daily diet.
What does the WHO say about replacing free sugars with sweeteners?
It does not help with weight control.
What are dietary supplements?
Products taken to enhance the diet, often containing vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients.
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
How can diet help in disease prevention?
A balanced diet can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including diabetes.
What is the relationship between NAD+ levels and age?
NAD+ levels tend to decrease as a person ages.
Name two food sources rich in Beta-carotene.
Carrots and mangoes.
Why do older adults experience more side effects from calcium carbonate?
They have lower levels of stomach acid.
What type of nutrients are Vitamins E and K classified as?
Micronutrients, required in small amounts.
What nutrients are covered in the 2000 dietary reference intakes?
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids.
What is the onset age for Type 1 diabetes typically?
Juvenile or childhood onset.
What were the results of NMN administration in the clinical study?
It was safe and effectively metabolized without causing significant adverse effects.
What makes sucralose stable?
It remains sweet under a wide range of conditions.
What is a notable characteristic of acesulfame potassium?
It has a slightly bitter aftertaste.
What is Cyclamate?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and about 30 times sweeter than sucrose.
Which nutrients are important for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D and magnesium.
What is one advantage of consuming calcium related to bone health?
It reduces the risk of osteoporosis, a bone disorder characterized by porous and fragile bones.
What do some scientists believe about sweeteners and weight management?
They can be used to manage weight in the short term.
What is the function of Vitamin D in relation to minerals?
Helps in the proper absorption of phosphorus and calcium.
What role do antioxidants play in cosmetics?
They help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.
What happens when sweeteners bind to taste bud receptors?
They release a signaling molecule to an adjoining sensory neuron.
What is the purpose of dietary supplements?
For disease prevention.
What role does insulin play in the body?
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may help reduce the risk of certain diseases.
What can uncontrolled diabetes lead to over time?
Serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.
How is NAD+ produced in the body?
From B vitamins.
What is one benefit of NMN related to chemotherapy?
It prevents chemo-induced mitochondrial defects in neurons.
How much sweeter is Aspartame compared to sugar?
Approximately 200 times sweeter.
What is Neotame?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar.
What effect does NMN have on stroke damage in rodents?
It prevents stroke damage and improves cognition and mitochondrial health after stroke.
What aging-related issues does NMN help reverse in rodents?
It reverses intestinal aging, protects against age-related kidney deterioration, and inhibits liver fibrosis.
What is the role of diet and dietary supplements in disease prevention?
They help in reducing the risk of diseases and maintaining overall health.
What are common side effects of multivitamins?
Constipation, diarrhea, nausea, etc.
Which foods are rich in Vitamin A?
Carrot, sweet potato, pumpkin, and broccoli.
What is more important than relying on supplements?
Eating a well-balanced diet.
What condition in pregnant women can calcium help reduce the risk of?
Preeclampsia, which is associated with high blood pressure.
What are dietary supplements used for?
They are used for disease prevention and to support overall health.
How can diet contribute to disease prevention?
A balanced diet can provide essential nutrients that strengthen the immune system.
What antioxidant is found in tomatoes and watermelon?
Lycopene.
How does high blood sugar affect the retina?
It damages blood vessels in the retina, causing blurry vision or stopping blood flow.
What causes the sensation of sweetness in the brain?
Signals derived from the taste buds.
Which foods are high in Lutein?
Kale, corn, and oranges.
Which organs require Vitamin E and K for healthy functioning?
Many organs, including the pancreas.
How do water-soluble vitamins enter the body?
They enter the bloodstream and are not stored in the body.
What was the focus of the first clinical study on NMN?
The study focused on the safety and metabolism of NMN in healthy Japanese men.
What is a common health issue associated with high blood pressure?
It can lead to various cardiovascular problems.
What additional function do vitamins B and C serve?
They act as antioxidants.
What is sucralose?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and about 600 times sweeter than sugar.
What percentage of calcium is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues?
1%.
What role does calcium play in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and can help prevent osteoporosis.
Are sweeteners essential dietary factors?
No, they have no nutritional value.
What is a vitamin?
A vitamin is an organic compound essential for normal growth and nutrition, typically required in small quantities in the diet.
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of calcium for adults aged 19 to 50?
2,500 mg/day.
What side effect can be caused by aspartame or sucralose?
Headaches in a small percentage of individuals.
What happens to NAD+ when it is exposed to light and heat?
It degrades quickly.
How much sweeter are artificial sweeteners compared to table sugar?
They can be 300 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar or sucrose.
What are the components of NMN?
A nitrogenous base (nicotinamide), a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group.
How many kinds of vitamins are there in the B group?
8 kinds (e.g., B1, B2, B5).
How do artificial sweeteners contribute to diet?
They provide sweetness without adding calories, which can help in weight management.
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
With other fats from food and stored in the body's fat tissue and liver.
What happens in pathway 3 of NAD+ synthesis?
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is phosphorylated to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRKs).
What are some common types of artificial sweeteners?
Aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin.
What was the dosage of NMN used in the study with postmenopausal women?
250 milligrams (mg) per day for 10 weeks.
What role do dietary supplements play in health?
They can help in disease prevention.
What are the types of diabetes mentioned?
Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes.
What is a common dietary source of calcium?
Dairy products, such as milk and cheese.
Where is about 99% of the body's calcium stored?
In bones.
How does calcium assist in blood clotting?
Calcium helps with the process of blood clotting.
What is the role of diet in disease prevention?
Diet and dietary supplements can help prevent diseases.
What is the classification of aspartame regarding its carcinogenicity to humans?
Possibly carcinogenic based on limited evidence.
How can large amounts of supplemental vitamin A be harmful?
They can be harmful to bones.
How can dietary supplements aid in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet.
What mechanism describes how molecules bind to receptors?
Lock-and-key mechanism.
What effect does excess vitamin D have on the body?
It increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hypercalcemia.
What are common gastrointestinal side effects of calcium consumption?
Bloating and constipation.
Which antioxidant is found in brightly colored fruits and vegetables?
Beta-carotene.
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
Which form of calcium is associated with more gastrointestinal side effects?
Calcium carbonate.
How does NAD+ enter a cell?
Through special doorways known as transporters.
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An insulin-dependent form of diabetes that usually starts in childhood.
What are common risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
Being overweight, lack of exercise, and genetics.
How does NMN affect oxygen utilization?
It enhances oxygen utilization and exercise endurance in middle-aged runners.
What is hyperglycemia?
Raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar.
What effect does NMN have on obesity and diabetes?
NMN improves muscle insulin sensitivity in older women.
How do vitamins B and C affect the immune system?
They help keep the immune system strong.
What does 5% DV or less indicate?
It is considered low.
What is Aspartame?
A low-calorie artificial sweetener that is metabolized into amino acids, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and a small amount of ethanol.
When does gestational diabetes occur?
During pregnancy.
What are the stability characteristics of Neotame?
It has high heat and pH stability compared to Aspartame.
What are the main benefits of Vitamin A?
Enhances vision and supports the immune system.
What are common dietary sources of calcium?
Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods.
What does NMN stand for?
Nicotinamide mononucleotide.
What are NAD+ molecules in terms of size?
NAD+ molecules are too large to be taken directly.
What are artificial sweeteners?
Synthetic sweeteners with little or no calories.
How do antioxidants contribute to disease prevention?
They neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and potential cell damage.
What are some dietary sources of Vitamin E and K?
Canola oil, olive oil, almonds, meats, and dairy.
What is the most used artificial sweetener?
Aspartame.
How can diet influence health?
A balanced diet can prevent diseases and promote overall well-being.
What is insulin resistance?
The body's inability to use insulin effectively, leading to difficulty in maintaining normal blood sugar levels.
What vitamin is NMN a derivative of?
Vitamin B3 (niacin).
Which vitamins are included in the water-soluble category?
Vitamin B and Vitamin C.
What are some applications of Aspartame?
Used in drinks, desserts, sweets, chewing gums, and weight-control products.
What are some other forms of calcium supplements?
Calcium ascorbate, hydroxyapatite, gluconate, and phosphate.
How does NMN contribute to blood vessel health?
It restores blood vessel health and reverses vascular aging.
What is the shelf life of Saccharin?
It is fairly stable and has a long shelf life.
What impact does NMN have on heart health?
It improves heart metabolism and protects against heart failure.
How does NAD+ contribute to DNA maintenance?
It controls DNA damage and is essential for the function of DNA repair protein PARP.
What are some applications of Cyclamate?
Used in baked goods, confections, desserts, soft drinks, and salad dressings.
Can our bodies produce calcium on their own?
No, our bodies cannot produce calcium on their own.
What is NMN in relation to natural food?
NMN is a precursor needed to raise NAD+ levels.
What is required for the specific binding of molecules to receptors?
A specific shape of the molecule.
What is the acceptable daily intake of aspartame according to IARC?
40 mg/kg body weight.
What are antioxidants?
Substances that prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals.
What type of evidence exists for the carcinogenicity of aspartame in humans?
Limited evidence.
Which atoms are involved in forming hydrogen bonds with the receptor?
NH/OH and O/N atoms.
What is one benefit of NMN related to muscle function?
NMN improves muscle strength and performance in older men.
What does the sensory neuron do after receiving signals from taste buds?
It sends impulses to the brain.
Is NMN generally considered safe?
Yes, NMN is generally considered safe with no major side effects reported in humans.
What are dietary supplements?
Products taken to enhance the diet, providing nutrients that may be missing.
What health issues can hypercalcemia cause?
Kidney stones and other renal damage.
What type of molecule is NAD+?
A large phosphorylated molecule.
What role do dietary supplements play in health?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet.
How many pathways are there for synthesizing NAD+?
Three pathways.
What was the safe dosage range of NMN in the clinical study?
Between 100 and 500 mg.
What does 20% DV or more indicate?
It is considered high.
What role do diet and dietary supplements play in Type 1 diabetes?
They are important for disease prevention.
How long does it take for Type 2 diabetes to develop?
It develops over many years.
What are some applications of sucralose?
Used in frozen foods like ice cream and baked goods.
What is acesulfame potassium (acesulfame-K)?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and over 200 times sweeter than sugar.
How does NMN affect cognition in rodents with Alzheimer's?
It improves cognition and reduces brain plaques and neurodegeneration.
What are some applications of Neotame?
Used in preserved fruits, carbonated drinks, baked goods, and confectioneries.
Why might calcium supplements include Vitamin D or magnesium?
Because they are important for calcium absorption.
What is calcium?
The most abundant mineral in the body.
How much calcium do we need daily?
The daily calcium requirement varies by age and gender, but generally ranges from 1000 to 1300 mg.
How much calcium is typically found in 8 oz of milk?
Approximately 300 mg of calcium.
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
What role does Vitamin A play in the body?
Acts as an antioxidant.
How do dietary supplements contribute to disease prevention?
Dietary supplements can provide essential nutrients that may help prevent deficiencies and support overall health, potentially reducing the risk of certain diseases.
What are some food sources of Vitamin E?
Nuts, seeds, sunflower and other vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables.
Why might people with lactose intolerance need calcium supplements?
They might have difficulty getting enough calcium through their diet alone.
What type of nucleotide is NMN?
A ribonucleotide.
What role does NMN play in the body?
NMN serves as a precursor to increase NAD+ levels.
How many sites are needed for forming hydrogen bonds with the receptor?
Two sites.
How can vitamin K interact with medications?
It may interact with blood thinning medications and interfere with their effectiveness.
What are the primary functions of Vitamin E and K?
Important for vision, reproduction, and the health of blood, brain, and skin.
What significant benefits does calcium provide for pregnant women?
It significantly reduces the risk of high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and premature births.
What is the relationship between diet and disease prevention?
Diet and dietary supplements can play a role in disease prevention.
What is the primary difference between sugar and artificial sweeteners?
Sugar is a natural carbohydrate, while artificial sweeteners are synthetic compounds used to provide sweetness without calories.
Where are artificial sweeteners mainly found?
In soft drinks, snack foods, sugar-free candies, and dairy products.
What health problem can high blood sugar cause?
It can damage blood vessels and nerves that control the heart.
What is NMN a precursor of?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
How can diet influence disease prevention?
A balanced diet and dietary supplements can help prevent various diseases.
What are some key dietary reference intakes mentioned?
Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.
What does Daily Value (DV) represent?
The recommended amounts of nutrients to consume or not to exceed each day.
What is the 'triangle of sweetness' associated with?
Saccharin.
What causes Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune reaction where the body mistakenly attacks itself, preventing insulin production.
What foods are rich in Vitamin B?
Beans, eggs, meat, and dairy products.
Which vitamins are included in the 1998 dietary reference intakes?
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.
What is NAD+ and why is it important?
NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in redox reactions and is crucial for energy metabolism.
What are potential risks associated with artificial sweeteners?
They may cause digestive issues or have unknown long-term health effects.
What is Saccharin?
A calorie-free artificial sweetener that is 300-400 times sweeter than regular sugar.
What is a notable characteristic of Saccharin?
It has an unpleasant, bitter aftertaste.
In what conditions is acesulfame potassium stable?
It is stable when heated.
What are the stability characteristics of Cyclamate?
It is stable to heat and readily soluble in water.
What is a consequence of high sugar content in saliva?
Bacteria use sugar as food, which can cause tooth decay.
What do individuals with Type 1 diabetes require for insulin management?
Daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump.
What converts NMN to NAD+?
Three NMN adenylyltransferases (NMNAT 1-3).
How can Type 2 diabetes be prevented or delayed?
Through healthy lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise.
How dependent is Calcium Lactate on stomach acid for absorption?
Less dependent compared to Calcium Carbonate.
What are some applications of acesulfame potassium?
Used in baked goods, chewing gum, beverages, and frozen desserts.
What is the function of Sirtuins in relation to NAD+?
They repair damaged DNA and require NAD+ to activate.
Why are antioxidants important in daily life?
They help combat oxidative stress and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
What is milk-alkali syndrome?
A condition related to excessive calcium intake.
What are some sources of Selenium?
Brazil nuts, tuna, and eggs.
When is Type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed?
Typically in adults.
What is included in the 2001 dietary reference intakes?
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.
What dietary reference intakes were established in 2011?
Calcium and Vitamin D.
Which fruits are good sources of Vitamin C?
Cabbage, cauliflower, potatoes, and broccoli.
What is one benefit of NMN related to brain function?
It improves brain function.
Where is NAD+ abundant in the body?
In mitochondria, the cell cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
What is the role of signaling molecules in taste perception?
They trigger the sensation of sweetness by activating sensory neurons.
What are some plant sources of Vitamin E and K?
Broccoli, kiwi, cabbage, and green snap beans.
What is the highest amount of elemental calcium found in a supplement?
Calcium Carbonate (40%).
What were the results of NMN supplementation in postmenopausal women with prediabetes?
Increased insulin sensitivity and signaling.
What does Calcium Carbonate require for absorption?
Stomach acid; it should be taken with food.
What is the DV for calcium for adults and children aged 4 and older?
1,300 mg.
What is the calcium content in Calcium Lactate?
Only 13-18%.
What did the study by Rashid et al. (2023) find regarding NMN pretreatment?
It greatly reduced cisplatin-induced DNA damage and increases in mROS.
Can Calcium Citrate be taken directly without food?
Yes, it is less dependent on stomach acid for absorption.
In which metabolic processes is NAD+ involved?
Glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transport chain.
What happens to SIRT1 genes without NAD+?
They cannot work.
What is the calcium content in Calcium Citrate?
Only 21%.
What role does NAD+ play in mitochondria?
Acts as a coenzyme.
What is a notable feature of Neotame regarding taste?
It leaves no aftertaste.
What are some applications of Saccharin?
Used in jams, jellies, cookies, and medicine.
What role does calcium play in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and may help prevent osteoporosis.
Why is calcium important for daily life?
It is crucial for maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as muscle function.
What are some non-dairy sources of calcium?
Leafy greens, almonds, and fortified foods.
How can dietary supplements contribute to disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
What are the benefits of calcium and vitamin supplements?
They help in maintaining bone health, preventing osteoporosis, and supporting overall bodily functions.
What health benefits do antioxidants like NMN provide?
They help in reducing oxidative stress, improving cellular function, and may enhance longevity.
How do artificial sweeteners relate to diabetes?
They provide a sweet taste without raising blood sugar levels, making them a popular choice for diabetics.
What is the role of calcium in enzyme activation?
Calcium is a key element that activates different enzymes.
What are dietary supplements used for?
Dietary supplements are used to provide nutrients that may be missing from the diet, including calcium.
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
What is one of the health benefits of calcium?
It helps our bodies release hormones.
What is the role of calcium in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and may help prevent osteoporosis.
How can diet and dietary supplements aid in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that support immune function and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
