What negative environmental impacts on human health were observed in ancient history?
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Forest destruction and soil erosion.
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What negative environmental impacts on human health were observed in ancient history?
Forest destruction and soil erosion.
What does the term 'environment' refer to?
Everything outside of an individual that can affect health, including physical, biological, and social factors.
What is an indicator of beneficial environmental effects on health?
Longevity and sustained functionality.
What primarily drives global population growth?
Developing countries.
What systems did the ancient Romans design to address environmental health?
Systems for the transport of water and sewage.
What does Environmental Risk Transition characterize?
Changes in environmental risks due to economic development.
Why do trends in environmental burden differ?
Trends differ due to variations in wealth, development, and resource management across regions.
How can the environment influence health?
Through physical, biological, and social cultural factors.
What period does the historical background of occupational health cover?
From about 1500 to the mid-1800s.
What are some indicators of adverse environmental effects on health?
Death, sickness, illness, dysfunction, 'not normal' or 'not well'.
How did early civilizations contribute to environmental degradation?
Through forest destruction and soil erosion.
What is the source of the world population data from 1950 to 2050?
United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.
What is the primary cause of changes in environmental risks according to Environmental Risk Transition?
Economic development.
What significant contributions were made to environmental history?
Contributions were made post-1800.
How does the environmental burden shift?
The environmental burden shifts as populations grow and economic activities change, often moving from developed to developing regions.
What are the two main components of environmental health sciences?
Environmental epidemiology and toxicology, and environmental engineering and regulation/risk communication.
What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition?
Both death rates and birth rates are high.
What does the term 'epidemiological transition' refer to?
Changes in mortality and morbidity patterns.
What does the prevalence of diseases in long life indicate?
It includes a relatively long period of morbidity.
What are the two main areas of focus in the historical background discussed?
Occupational health and environmental history.
Why do some subgroups of the population have a higher risk of adverse health effects from environmental hazards?
Not everyone has the same chance of suffering from adverse health effects due to varying vulnerabilities.
What is a health effect?
The specific damage to health that an environmental hazard can cause an individual person.
What is the formula for calculating growth rate?
Growth rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate.
What is expansive agriculture?
The conversion of large areas of forest, wetlands, river valley bottoms, and grassland savanna to crop land.
Is water an infinite renewable resource?
No, water is not an infinite renewable resource.
What is the basis of environmental health risk assessment?
Environmental epidemiology and toxicology.
What does the graph on the number of deaths by risk factor illustrate?
It shows the number of deaths attributed to various risk factors.
What does age-specific mortality rate refer to?
The mortality rate for a specific age group within a population.
What does the term 'environment' refer to?
The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community.
What was a significant cause of the sharp increase in annual population growth rate between 1900-1950?
Advancements in medicine and public health, leading to lower mortality rates.
What type of diseases does the epidemiological transition describe a shift from?
Infectious diseases.
What happens in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition?
There is a fall in death rates, leading to population increase.
What percentage of total mortality in the world is attributed to environmental factors?
40%.
Can the same environmental hazard cause different health effects?
Yes, it can cause a range of different effects of varying severity.
What is necessary to ensure for all age groups due to increased morbidity?
Sufficient social and health-care investment.
Who are considered vulnerable subgroups at higher risk from environmental hazards?
The elderly, persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, pregnant women, and children.
What risks do women of childbearing age face in this stage?
Considerable risks due to complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
What is the most important contributor to population growth?
The birth rate, specifically the fertility rate (number of children per woman).
What period does 'The Third Wave' refer to?
The most recent period from the 1980s to present.
What factors contribute to forest loss worldwide?
Population growth and urbanization.
What is a population cartogram?
A map that represents the size of countries based on their population rather than land area.
What does life expectancy refer to?
The expectation of the number of years of life at birth.
What is the primary focus of the video 'World Population, by Country'?
To present the population distribution across different countries.
What years are compared for age-specific mortality rates in England and Wales?
1963 and 2013.
What is predicted about global demand for water compared to population growth?
Global demand for water is predicted to increase faster than population growth.
Why is understanding deaths by risk factors important?
It helps identify major health risks and informs public health strategies.
What is the basis of environmental health risk management?
Environmental engineering and regulation/risk communication.
What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What does demographic transition refer to?
The alteration over time in a population's fertility, mortality, and makeup.
What is the focus of Environmental Health Sciences?
The study of how environmental factors affect human health.
What type of diseases does the epidemiological transition describe a shift to?
Chronic diseases.
What does a population pyramid for Phase 1 of the Demographic Transition typically look like?
It has a wide base and narrow top, indicating high birth rates and high death rates.
What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of births a woman would have by the end of her reproductive life.
What occurs in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition?
There is a decline in birth rates, and the population starts to stabilize.
How did improvements in agriculture contribute to population growth between 1900-1950?
They increased food production, supporting larger populations.
What are some examples of factors included in the environment?
Climate, soil, and living things.
Which types of cancer are significantly linked to environmental factors?
Cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer.
What is the Great Acceleration?
A period of rapid change in human activity and its impact on the Earth system, particularly since the mid-20th century.
What are the three stages of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
How do birth and death rates influence population growth?
They determine the overall growth rate of the population.
What is the increased demand for healthcare related to?
The diseases of older people.
What is the life expectancy range mentioned for this stage?
Between 20-40 years.
What are the two types of health effects?
Adverse and beneficial.
What are the key characteristics of The Third Wave?
High population growth rates, industrialization, and urbanization.
What does environmental epidemiology study?
The associations between exposure to environmental agents and subsequent development of disease.
How is agricultural production related to population growth?
Agricultural production is lagging behind population growth.
What is a key factor that affects the likelihood of suffering from environmental hazards?
Individual characteristics and health status.
What does a population cartogram visually emphasize?
The distribution and size of populations across different countries.
What was the life expectancy during the Roman Empire?
Approximately 22 years.
Why is it important to analyze mortality rates over time?
To understand trends in health and the impact of environmental factors.
Why is understanding world population distribution important?
It helps in planning resources, infrastructure, and services.
What type of data is typically represented in such graphs?
Quantitative data on mortality rates associated with different risk factors.
How does an increase in population affect water?
It affects both the quality and quantity of water.
What is the impact of economic development on demographic transition?
It affects birth and death rates.
What factors contribute to the epidemiological transition?
Changes in demographic, economic, and social structures.
What does Demographic Transition Theory describe?
The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
What characterizes the population pyramid in Phase 2 of the Demographic Transition?
It shows a wide base with a decreasing death rate, leading to rapid population growth.
What defines Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition?
Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population.
What role did industrialization play in population growth during the early 20th century?
It created jobs and improved living standards, attracting more people to urban areas.
How is the fertility rate defined?
The number of births occurring per 1,000 women of reproductive age (ages 15 to 44) in a particular year.
What does the WHO state about the conditions necessary for health in 1992?
Health is only possible where resources are available to meet human needs and where the living and working environment is protected from life-threatening and health-threatening pollutants, pathogens, and physical hazards.
What are some key components studied in Environmental Health Sciences?
Air quality, water quality, chemical exposures, and biological hazards.
What does the fertility rate indicate?
The average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.
What is the Demographic Transition Theory?
A theory that describes the stages of population growth and decline in industrialized and developing nations.
What percentage of the global burden of disease is linked to environmental sources?
25% to 33%.
What is environmental health?
The study and management of environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of humans.
How do environmental factors affect organisms?
They ultimately determine the form and survival of the organism or ecological community.
What does the Pyramid of Adverse Effects illustrate?
The relationship between exposure to environmental hazards and the resulting health effects.
What factors limit population growth and improvements in health?
Local carrying capacity of the environment.
What is the first stage of the health transition?
The Age of Pestilence and Famine.
What characterizes the first stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
The age of pestilence and famine.
What concerns are raised during The Third Wave?
Effects of toxic chemicals.
When did the Great Acceleration begin?
In the mid-20th century.
What is the difference between acute and delayed onset health effects?
Acute effects occur suddenly, while delayed onset (chronic) effects develop over time.
Why have death rates stabilized?
This stabilization affects the overall population growth dynamics.
What is the focus of environmental toxicology?
The causal mechanisms between exposure and subsequent development of disease.
What is population growth rate?
The rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period.
What are the basic concepts covered in the course?
Introduction to fundamental ideas related to the environment and health.
How does a population cartogram differ from a traditional map?
It distorts the shape and size of countries to reflect population size instead of land area.
What was the life expectancy in England during the Middle Ages?
Approximately 33 years.
When did the Age of Receding Pandemics begin?
In the mid-19th century.
What characterizes the initial phase of demographic transition?
A combination of high birth rate and high death rate.
What can changes in age-specific mortality rates indicate?
Shifts in health outcomes, healthcare effectiveness, or environmental influences.
What factors can influence population growth in a country?
Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
How does the population pyramid appear in Phase 3 of the Demographic Transition?
It starts to narrow at the base, indicating declining birth rates and continued population growth.
What characterizes less developed societies in terms of demographic transition?
High fertility and mortality rates.
What does the birth rate measure?
The total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a particular year.
What are the key components of health as defined by WHO?
Complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
How do Environmental Health Sciences contribute to public health?
By identifying and mitigating environmental risks to improve health outcomes.
What factors determine human health in environmental health?
Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.
What is at the base of the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
The largest number of individuals exposed to low-level hazards.
What stage are developing nations currently in according to the Demographic Transition Theory?
Stage II, characterized by explosive rates of natural increase.
What characterizes the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
High mortality due to epidemics, famines, and wars.
What is the significance of tracking fertility rates by country?
It helps understand population growth trends and demographic changes.
Which countries are mentioned as still being in this stage?
Some developing countries.
What is the second stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory called?
The age of receding pandemics.
What new topics have emerged during The Third Wave?
Air pollution, emission of greenhouse gases, and global warming.
What are clinical manifestations?
Visible symptoms of a disease that can be diagnosed.
What does EHS stand for?
Environmental Health Sciences.
What are some indicators of the Great Acceleration?
Increased population growth, urbanization, and resource consumption.
What are the components of the physical environment?
Air, water, soil, housing, geography, debris, climate, heat, light, noise, radiation, etc.
Why is the environment significant for human health?
It impacts health outcomes and quality of life.
What does environmental engineering aim to achieve?
To govern and reduce exposure to environmental hazards.
What is the primary factor influencing where people live?
Access to resources such as water, food, and shelter.
What factors influence population growth rates?
Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
What can be inferred from a population cartogram?
Insights into population density and demographic trends across the globe.
What happens during the middle phase of demographic transition?
Population explosion occurs due to the decline in birth rate lagging behind the decline in death rate.
What is one major consequence of population growth?
Environmental degradation.
What was a significant outcome of the Age of Receding Pandemics?
A reduction in the prevalence of infectious diseases.
What was the life expectancy in the United States in 1900?
Approximately 49 years.
How can population data impact global policies?
It informs decisions on health, education, and economic development.
What characterizes modern societies in terms of demographic transition?
Low fertility and mortality rates.
What are the three major waves of environmental health history since 1800?
What is a consequence of global warming related to oceans?
Rising oceans.
What is the shape of the population pyramid in Phase 4 of the Demographic Transition?
It is more rectangular, indicating low birth and death rates, leading to stable population size.
What are the basic concepts covered in the course introduction?
Basic concepts related to the environment and its significance for human health.
What factors threaten health according to the WHO?
Pollutants, pathogens, and physical hazards.
What is the mortality (death) rate?
The number of deaths per 1,000 of a population in a particular year.
What role do policies play in Environmental Health Sciences?
They help regulate environmental factors to protect public health.
What is represented at the top of the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
A smaller number of individuals experiencing severe health effects.
How long did countries in western Europe take to complete their demographic transitions?
Roughly 200 years.
What does environmental health assess and control?
Factors in the environment that can adversely affect health.
What defines the third stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
The age of chronic diseases.
What advances are limited by the local carrying capacity of the environment?
Improvements in health and advances in socio-economic development.
How can fertility rates impact a country's economy?
High fertility rates can strain resources, while low rates may lead to labor shortages.
What causes huge numbers of deaths during the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Epidemics, famines, and wars.
What factors does EHS study?
Factors in the environment that affect human health.
What are subclinical manifestations?
Symptoms that are not easily detectable or visible.
How has the Great Acceleration affected the environment?
It has led to significant environmental changes, including climate change and biodiversity loss.
How is the environment connected to human health?
It is intimately connected with health, illness, and mortality.
What are the consequences of population growth on the environment?
Increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.
How can high population growth rates impact resources?
They can lead to resource depletion and increased competition for limited resources.
How does climate affect human settlement?
Different climates can support varying levels of agriculture and habitation.
What does the biological environment include?
Man, viruses, microbial agents, insects, rodents, animals, and plants.
What is the goal of preventive medicine in the context of environmental health?
To govern and reduce disease development.
What is the final phase of demographic transition?
A combination of low birth rate and low death rate.
What characterizes the third stage of health transition?
The elimination of infectious diseases and the rise of chronic diseases among the elderly.
How did mortality rates change during the Age of Receding Pandemics?
They fell significantly.
What can insufficient ecological footprint lead to?
Deforestation and agricultural development.
What characterizes the first wave of environmental concern?
It spans from the 19th century to the mid-20th century.
What was the life expectancy in the United States in 2009?
Approximately 78.5 years.
What environmental issue is caused by rising oceans?
Increased flooding.
Why is the environment significant for human health?
It impacts health outcomes and quality of life.
What was the human population figure in September 2014?
7.3 billion.
How does the Pyramid of Adverse Effects help in public health?
It aids in understanding the impact of environmental hazards on population health.
What period does the First Wave refer to?
Approximately 1850 to 1950.
What is uncertain about the demographic transition process in developing nations?
How long it will take to complete their transitions.
What is an example of an environmental hazard studied in Environmental Health Sciences?
Pollution from industrial sources.
What is the goal of environmental health practices?
To prevent adverse health effects on present and future generations.
What time frame does the fertility rate data cover in the provided link?
From 1997 onwards.
What does susceptibility refer to?
A tendency to be affected by something.
What is inadequate during the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Provision of basic ecological resources like food and fresh water.
What is a major environmental health issue in developing countries?
More serious environmental health problems compared to developed countries.
What types of agents are studied in EHS?
Chemical, biological, or physical agents.
What is demographic transition?
The shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops.
What is the difference between transient and permanent health effects?
Transient effects are reversible, while permanent effects are irreversible.
What are some examples of environmental hazards?
Microbes, toxic chemicals and metals, pesticides, and ionizing radiation.
What role does technology play in the Great Acceleration?
Technology has facilitated rapid industrialization and increased resource extraction.
What role do urban areas play in where people live?
Urban areas often attract people due to job opportunities and services.
What are examples of the chemical environment?
Air pollutants, toxic wastes, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
What is the purpose of environmental law?
To develop appropriate legislation to manage natural resources and protect public health.
What is the significance of understanding population growth rates?
It helps in planning for infrastructure, healthcare, and education needs.
What was the life expectancy at birth during the Age of Receding Pandemics?
It climbed rapidly from about 35 to 50 years.
What is the relationship between birth and death rates during the transition?
The decline in birth rate lags behind the decline in death rate.
How do chronic diseases compare to infectious diseases in terms of lethality?
Chronic diseases are less lethal than infectious diseases due to improved healthcare.
What is a consequence of population growth related to water?
Insufficient water supply.
What time period does the second wave of environmental awareness cover?
From the mid-20th century to the 1980s.
What is a result of increased flooding?
Coastal erosion.
What are the consequences of population growth on the environment?
Increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.
How much does the human population grow daily?
By 250,000 people.
What major event coincided with the First Wave?
The Industrial Revolution.
What type of health effects are typically analyzed using the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
Both acute and chronic health effects resulting from environmental exposures.
What risks do less developed regions face if they do not complete their demographic transitions in a timely manner?
Social upheaval and environmental disaster on a global scale.
What is the ecological footprint?
A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems required to support a specific way of life or business.
Which organization defined environmental health in 1993?
World Health Organization (WHO).
What is a significant issue regarding infrastructure in the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Lack of sufficient infrastructure for most services.
What are some characteristics that influence susceptibility?
Preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular disease, age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and health care availability.
What does epidemiological transition refer to?
The change in disease patterns as societies progress, moving from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
What is the impact of geography on human settlement?
Geographical features like mountains, rivers, and plains influence population distribution.
What did the US Environmental Protection Agency report about toxic chemicals in 2015?
Industry released 881 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air and water.
