Who is regarded as the last of the twenty-four Tirthankaras in Jainism?
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Mahavira.
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Who is regarded as the last of the twenty-four Tirthankaras in Jainism?
Mahavira.
What does the Bauddha (Buddhist) school of philosophy focus on?
The means of ending the suffering of individuals.
What are the fundamental categories of being in Jain ontology?
Soul (Jiva), matter (Pudgala), space (Akasa), time (Kala), principle of motion (Dharma), and principle of rest (Adharma).
What is the significance of the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism?
It represents the state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.
What does Buddhist philosophy argue about human beings?
Human beings are a compound of five aggregates, and clinging to them leads to suffering.
What is the ultimate goal in Buddhist philosophy?
To reach Nirvana.
Is Nirvana a state reached after death?
No, it is attainable in this very life.
What is the primary goal of Jain philosophy?
To purify the Jiva of karmic matter and allow it to radiate its inherent blissful nature.
What are the Three Gems prescribed in Jain philosophy?
Right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
What is the most important ethical principle in Jainism?
Ahimsa (non-violence).
What is the role of ascetic practices in Jain philosophy?
They are essential for cleaning up karma and achieving liberation.
What does the 'form' aggregate include?
Four elements (earth, water, fire, air), five sense organs, attributes of matter, distinctions of sex, essential conditions, and means of communication.
What is the relationship between consciousness and the aggregates?
Consciousness arises from other aggregates and mental factors from the contact of consciousness and other aggregates.
What distinguishes Northern Buddhism from Southern Buddhism?
Northern Buddhism (Mahayana) is prevalent in regions like Nepal and China, while Southern Buddhism (Theravada) is found in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
What does the Eightfold Path in Buddhism include?
Right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
What leads to suffering according to Buddhism?
Clinging to the five aggregates.
How can suffering be ceased according to Buddhist teachings?
By the complete cessation of thirst, which involves the absence of passion and destruction of desire.
What is the analogy used to explain how karma affects the Jiva?
A wet cloth that attracts dust, similar to how karmic matter attaches to the Jiva.
What are Non-Vedic philosophical systems?
Philosophical systems that do not consider the Vedas as authoritative texts.
What are the five aggregates in Buddhism?
Form, consciousness, feeling, formation, and perception.
How does suffering arise according to the cause-effect cycle in Buddhism?
Due to ignorance, impressions from previous births lead to initial consciousness, which drives the thirst for enjoyment and rebirth.
What is the cause of suffering in Buddhism?
Thirst, which leads to rebirth accompanied by pleasure and lust.
What is the Tattvarthasutra?
An important Jain text composed by Umasvati, accepted by both Svetambara and Digambara sects.
Who was Gautama Buddha originally known as?
Siddhartha.
What is the role of Tirthankaras in Jain philosophy?
They educate and lead people to cross over the ocean of rebirth.
What is the root cause of suffering according to Buddhist philosophy?
Ignorance.
During which century did Mahavira live?
6th century BCE.
What do the Svetambaras and Digambaras represent in Jainism?
Two sects of Jains with differences in rituals and ascetic practices.
What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
What does 'syad-vada' mean in Jain philosophy?
Conditional predication, indicating that reality can be described from different perspectives.
What is the role of passions in Jain philosophy?
Passions evoke experiences that attract more karmic particles, perpetuating the cycle of birth and death.
How many Tirthankaras does the Jaina school recognize?
Twenty-four Tirthankaras, from Vr$abhadeva to Mahavira.
What does 'thirst' refer to in the context of Buddhism?
Desire for pleasure, existence, and prosperity that leads to suffering.
How does Jain philosophy view knowledge of substances?
Knowledge is not absolute but relative, as it cannot capture reality perfectly.
How are Tirthankaras similar to avatara-puruṣas?
Both help human beings cross the ocean of samsara through their conduct and teachings.
What is the only way to break the cycle of suffering?
By removing ignorance through acquiring the right knowledge.
What does the fourth noble truth provide?
The path for removing ignorance.
Which prominent schools are classified as Non-Vedic?
Jaina, Bauddha, and Carvaka schools.
What does the term 'Jaina' signify?
Derived from the Sanskrit root 'ji', meaning to conquer, indicating mastery over passions.
