1. Intorduction of health promotion_230

They promote advocacy.

Health is a state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

A 'top to down' approach.

Policy or environmental level.

Changing societal behavior in physical, social, and economic environments.

Bottom-up strategy.

Because it views health as an individual asset.

Health Literacy.

To build health promotion capacity.

A rise in complementary therapies.

They provide support and influence that can either sustain or damage health.

Patient-centered care.

An approach that focuses on helping clients develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.

A state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.

Increase in the percentage of the target population being screened or immunized.

It may contribute to health promotion.

It focuses on changing organizational levels and developing policies and laws.

Effectiveness and potentially damaging long-term effects.

They affect access to facilities and services that are essential for health.

The first international conference on health promotion.

On 21 November 1986.

Quitting smoking and changing eating habits.

The physical, social, and fiscal environment.

Regulations governing food labeling.

Increasing knowledge in self-care of hypertension management.

Health Education and Health Promotion.

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.

Feel strongly enough to want to change their situation.

In diverse settings.

A strategy focused on reducing disease rates and associated mortality.

It involves legislative, organizational, or regulatory changes that promote health.

Reduction in disease rates and associated mortality.

To seize every opportunity to teach healthy lifestyles.

Personal choice, regardless of whether the choices are agreeable to the healthcare promoter.

Reducing obesity.

For the continuous improvement of future activities.

To evaluate any health behavioral change after the intervention.

Increase in knowledge.

Acting as a key player in intersectoral collaboration.

To enhance the well-being and health of individuals and communities.

Increasing people's control over their own lives.

They engage communities in identifying and addressing their health needs.

Feel capable of changing the situation by having information, support, and life skills.

Desisting from smoking, adopting a healthy diet, and undertaking regular exercise.

Community projects.

Attitudes and feelings.

It helps individuals accurately interpret health information and make informed decisions about their health.

At different stages of their lives.

Changes in public and social policies conducive to promoting the health of the population.

As a human right.

Protection of population health.

Yes, if they can fulfill their societal roles.

To become a facilitator.

An expert-led, 'top-down' approach.

By helping them identify what they need to recognize and act on in their body and environment.

A method that persuades people to change health behaviors.

They become empowered.

By participating in health education programs and outreach initiatives.

Skills necessary to access, assess, and use information in making life choices.

Conducting health assessments to identify patient needs.

By promoting access to healthcare resources and services.

The social, psychological, and medical aspects of health.

The experience of disease plus illness.

Factors outside the body, such as viral infections.

A creative process that emphasizes resilience and adaptability.

To reduce morbidity and premature mortality by identifying those at risk from disease.

Role play, demonstration.

Factors inside the body, such as inadequate thyroid function.

To control and regulate expenditure.

Personal behaviors, lifestyle choices, knowledge, awareness, and skills that can enable change.

By providing information and education.

Pollution levels, standards of living, and labor market conditions.

To empower individuals and communities to take control of their health.

By assessing the extent to which specific aims have been met.

No, it is not intended to motivate people in certain directions, but hopes to lead them to an outcome.

Enhancing mental well-being.

Upkeeping knowledge of health promotion.

To adopt various health promotion strategies.

Tackling alcohol-related harm.

Client-centered counseling.

Roles and responsibilities of Nurses in Health Promotion.

Information and understanding.

Egger, Spark, and Donovan.

Foundations for health promotion.

Good nursing practice in health promotion.

As a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

They are resilient and hardy.

Disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.

Leader / member of a profession.

A nurse promotes health in various settings, including schools, workplaces, hospitals, and communities.

Wellbeing, community empowerment, and participation.

Yes, it is still dominant in many health care settings.

It may induce a higher rate of hospitalization and emergency care.

The ability to critically analyze information and make informed health decisions.

Factors that influence health status based on an individual's genetics and biological makeup.

Assessing health needs of individuals.

Patient-centered care and shared decision making.

To provide information and facts, and to develop relevant skills for individuals to make knowledgeable choices about their health.

Acute and chronic illnesses and injuries.

To help people identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health.

An individual's ability to fulfill societal roles, such as occupational or familial roles.

Decision-making and problem-solving skills.

Critical thinking and critical action.

This is a question posed by the model, suggesting that fulfillment in roles is crucial for health.

By conducting research on health promotion information and programs.

Educating patients about healthy lifestyle choices.

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral.

Interventions aimed at early detection and treatment of disease.

Encouraging breastfeeding.

Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of an ongoing illness or injury.

Root causes of ill-health.

An objective state of ill health characterized by the existence of some pathology or abnormality of the body.

A life course approach.

Health promotion practices within nursing.

The concept of fairness in relations between individuals in society.

By providing counseling and motivational support.

Consumerism.

To enable them to promote health and assume self-care.

Absence of disease or illness.

To inspire individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors, use preventive health services, and take responsibility for their own health.

Determinants of Health.

The results may appear to be vague.

A ban on tobacco sponsorship.

Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.

Non-directive, client-centered approaches.

Interventions aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.

Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach.

Implementation of healthy public policy, lobbying, and legislation.

To prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Hong Kong.

Provision of leaflets and booklets, visual display.

Cognitive ability and personal skills.

By acting as educators.

Developing personal skills.

An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.

The highest attainable level of health for all people.

Reorienting health services.

Health is defined as the absence of disease and illness.

Screening or individual risk assessment, such as measuring body mass index.

Health promotion encompasses a broader range of factors including disease prevention and social development, while health education focuses specifically on teaching about health.

Equal access to wealth, opportunities, and social privileges.

It helps in understanding how to effectively encourage individuals to adopt healthier behaviors.

Personality, self-esteem, and coping.

Lower levels of health literacy are much more common among the socially and economically disadvantaged.

They influence health outcomes and access to healthcare services.

Ecologic Model.

Lifestyle choices significantly impact overall health and risk of diseases.

A state of well-being.

Strategies for evaluating their effectiveness and health outcomes.

A nurse should advocate for community development and social involvement.

Concepts of Health.

An approach that focuses on increasing knowledge about health-related topics.

Increasing knowledge will lead to a change in attitudes, which may result in a change in behavior.

To achieve Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.

An approach that focuses on enabling individuals to recognize and change their powerlessness.

By partnering with other interested parties.

Education empowers individuals to make informed health choices.

People sometimes want to be told what to do.

Disseminate research findings to build a scientific database for evidence-based practice.

It examines health inequalities in Hong Kong.

To support the development of evidence-based practice.

Mass media campaigns.

A state of poor health when there is some disease or impairment, but not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.

Health Promotion: Planning & Strategies.

Collaborating with other healthcare professionals.

Principles include understanding the learner's needs, creating a supportive environment, and using effective communication strategies.

They may take medications incorrectly, increasing the risk of medication-related complications.

Ottawa Charter, 1986.

Health as mental and physical fitness.

It enhances their capacity for making informed choices on health issues and improves access to health services and resources.

A political and philosophical theory.

As the absence of disease or injury.

Clinical interventions to prevent disease.

Vaccine hesitancy.

The ability to engage in discussions and communicate effectively about health.

As a powerful means of social control through categories like disease, illness, madness, and deviancy.

Predicting illness.

Social, economic, and environmental conditions.

Specialized skills and competence through continuous learning.

Recognize and understand their powerlessness.

Health Promotion Approaches.

Peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity.

Relevant knowledge and expertise.

Building healthy public policy.

Creating supportive environments.

Role model.

Strengthening community action.

Managerialism and reforms enhancing managers' power to control clinicians' activities.

Poor quality of communication.

The Medical Model.

People with low health literacy benefit less due to difficulty in reading health information and instructions.

People may be unaware of the launch of cancer screening programs due to insufficient media coverage or unclear health messages.

Advanced skills that allow an individual to obtain, extract, and derive meaning from health information and apply it to changing circumstances.

It steered health promotion away from individual behavior change towards a socio-ecological approach.

A positive state experienced by individuals and societies.

Historical and contemporary injustices or socioeconomic disadvantage.

Socioeconomic status, environment, and lifestyle choices.

Individuals may participate in unhealthy lifestyles or delay treatment.

Treatment of diseases to prevent complications and premature death.

Diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Because people's explanations for their health and illness are complex.

There is a relationship between mortality and morbidity and social class.

People from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.

As the absence of disease.

To bring about changes in the physical, social, and economic environment to promote healthy eating.

Decisions related to the beginning and end of life, such as termination of pregnancy, assisted reproduction, neonatal care, and euthanasia.

Identify their concerns and work with the health promoter to plan a program of action.

By helping them build capacity to control their own health and make healthy life choices.

Tobacco control.

Nurse capacity contributes to client capacity in health management.

It relies on patient compliance with preventive medical procedures.

It facilitates better partnerships, resulting in better treatment outcomes.

Setting clear, measurable objectives.

Group discussion, one-to-one counseling.

It is not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.

Actions individuals take that affect their health, such as diet, exercise, and smoking.

As physiological systems with related functions.

It is derived from the Old English word 'hael'.

Disease refers to the pathological condition, while illness is the subjective experience of the individual.

It influences participation in health screenings and treatment decisions.

Medicine acts as surveillance through mass screening programs.

To help people identify their own concerns and gain skills and confidence for healthy eating.

The subjective experience of loss of health, often described in terms of symptoms like pains or aches.

Expert authority model derived from medicine and education.

By engaging with them and conducting assessments or surveys.

A range of activities and interventions that enable people to take greater control over their health.

When the three elements are in balance.

A condition that prevents self-actualization.

The individual assumes a dependent role, follows the prescribed treatment plan, and adjusts to their daily schedule.

To facilitate people to make their own choices about health behavior.

Social, environmental, and psychological factors affecting health.

It fosters support and resources for health initiatives.

As 'coping' mechanisms or forms of escape.

Social factors significantly influence health outcomes, including living conditions, sanitation, and nutrition.

1. Poor communication between health worker and client 2. Clients' lack of compliance with prescribed treatment regimen.

Identifying community concerns and planning action programs.

CUHK Institute of Health Equity.

One-to-one advice or counseling.

It helps individuals make informed life choices.

As researchers.

Antibiotics and immunization programs.

It aims to enhance the well-being of individuals and communities by encouraging healthy behaviors.

Health as a commodity.

To increase knowledge and develop skills about healthy eating.

Structural determinants of health.

Relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination of malfunction and pain.

1.8 times higher in the most deprived areas.

It refers to how an individual perceives and experiences their health condition, which can be positive or negative.

Fulfillment and complete development (actualization).

Quality of life and the ability to contribute meaningfully to society.

To provide individuals with knowledge and skills to make informed health decisions.

No, it is not a kind of diagnosis.

It exacerbated existing inequalities, particularly affecting deprived areas and certain ethnic minority groups.

They are seen as the primary authority in diagnosing and treating health issues.

Deservingness for surgery may be linked to lifestyle factors.

It empowers individuals to make informed health choices, leading to better health outcomes.

Preventing and treating diseases through medical interventions.

They are systemic, avoidable, unfair, unjust, and sustained over time and generations.

Preventing the onset of illness and disease.

By adding capacity for decision-making.

To inform and educate individuals about health issues.

By improving access to health services.

Access to healthcare services is crucial for maintaining and improving health.

The body.

Age, sex, race, sexual orientation, and disability.

Policies can create environments that support healthy behaviors.

Mass media can raise awareness and disseminate health information.

Nutritional standards of school meals.

The freedom of clinicians to make decisions based on their professional judgment and specialist knowledge.

Smoke-free legislation.

Health refers to overall well-being; health education involves teaching about health; health promotion focuses on enabling individuals to improve their health.

Health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

Health as an ideal state.

Genetics and physiological factors.

Through assessments, surveys, and analysis of health data.

Cultural and political involvement.

Valuing all individuals and populations equally.

As advocates.

Persuasion through one-to-one advice or counseling and mass media campaigns.

It may overly emphasize medicine's role in determining health.

The highest level of skills to critically analyze and use information to exert greater control over life events and situations.

Assessing needs, setting goals, developing strategies, and evaluating outcomes.

Continuous readjustment to life's stressful demands.

By influencing societal norms and behaviors related to health.

Ecological sustainability, holism, and interdependency.

As a state of feeling ill or a period of sickness affecting an individual's body or mind.

To enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

As a condition of actualization and realization of people's potential.

Medical care contact, where symptoms persist despite home remedies, motivating the individual to seek professional health services.

A model that focuses on the absence of disease and the biological aspects of health.

Health promotion encompasses a broader range of activities aimed at improving overall health, while health education specifically focuses on imparting knowledge.

Employment affects income, self-esteem, and overall health.

Ill health caused by ineffective and unsafe medical interventions, such as side effects of prescribed medicine or cross-infection in hospitals.

Recovery or rehabilitation, where the individual resumes normal activities and responsibilities.

To enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

Caregiver.

Skills.

Coordinator / Case manager.

Assessing the effectiveness of health promotion interventions.

Basic skills in reading and writing to enable individuals to function effectively in everyday situations and make informed health decisions.

Reducing morbidity and mortality.

A framework that focuses on biological factors in determining health.

1. Basic / Functional health literacy 2. Interactive / Communicative health literacy 3. Critical health literacy.

As the failure to respond to changes to maintain stability (adaptation).

People with low health literacy experience worse health outcomes due to poor knowledge of health conditions, affecting disease prevention behavior and personal health management.

A comprehensive view of health focused on fulfillment and complete development.

Symptom experience, where an individual recognizes physical discomfort or limitations in functioning.

Doctors are in a powerful position as they make diagnoses.

The health educator or doctor.

A sense of meaning and purpose.

They decide the nature of intervention and try to ensure compliance.

Normal illness, real illness, and health problems.

Factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.

Skills and confidence to make health-related changes.

Women are more willing to consult a GP, while men are less likely to participate in national bowel cancer screening programs.

3 to 5%.

It emphasizes that health promotion goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well-being.

Through safety and security, human rights, participation, and economic development.

Healthy individuals.

It can lead to changes in belief and self-image.

To identify the health needs of a population.

I become unhealthy when I neglect my diet and skip exercise.

By promoting better health for oneself, family members, and the wider community.

To assess its effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.

A situation affected my health by increasing my stress levels, leading to poor eating habits.

It concerns 'the whole person' and their integrity, soundness, or well-being.

Relationships, employment, and income.

To encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and adopt healthier eating habits.

Whole populations or high-risk groups.

17%.

Yes, it can vary based on cultural contexts.

To identify the presence of disease, which can be either positive or negative.

Provision of information, exploration of attitudes, and development of skills.

It has a huge range of meanings.

Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.

Agent, Host, Environment.

They may invite new forms of control in the name of health.

By providing information.

Development of organizational policy and implementation of healthy public policy.

Individuals, families, communities, or whole populations.

Management of health.

Empowering individuals to take control of their health.

Family network, hazardous social environment, and ethnic minorities.

No, it goes beyond the health sector to include well-being.

Education level, socioeconomic status, and access to health information.

Health as a holistic state of well-being, including physical, mental, and social aspects.

To assess their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments for better outcomes.

Environmental factors can impact physical and mental health.

It helps patients understand their conditions and adhere to treatment plans.

Access to GP services.

Community mobilization, development and empowerment, networking, coalition building, lobbying, and policy development.

Because they are systemic and influenced by broader socio-economic factors.

By disseminating health information and shaping public perceptions.

An event affected my health by motivating me to participate in a wellness program.

It can lead to feelings of loneliness due to separation and pending loss.

Optimal health for all groups.

Issues include obesity, mental health, substance abuse, and chronic diseases.

The ability to read and understand basic health information.

Health as personal strength.

Both are resources for daily life.

It addresses different health needs and challenges at various life stages, from childhood to older adulthood.

Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behavior.

The individual assumes the sick role and tries alternatives to relieve symptoms.

Age, gender, and genes.

1. Health as not-ill 2. Health as physical fitness, vitality 3. Health as social relationships 4. Health as function 5. Health as psychosocial well-being.

They struggle with understanding health-related information.

Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.

The individual to the surrounding community.

It eases the burden on the healthcare system and allows for better allocation of resources.

Through goal-directed behaviors, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships while adapting to social and physical environments.

A model that views health as the ability to adapt to changes and challenges in life.

Poverty and social status.

Understanding the learning needs and styles of patients.

Examples include quitting smoking.

An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, education, cultural, social, and political development.

They are considered structural determinants that negatively affect health.

Biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

There may be role changes and task reassignments.

Strong social networks can provide support and resources that improve health.

Reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill.

It addresses health needs at every stage of life.

To identify the 'abnormal' few with 'invisible' diseases.

By raising awareness of changing health determinants and individual responsibilities.

By educating individuals about their responsibilities in controlling health determinants.

From individual to community.

Emphasis on evidence-based practices.

Cold and damp housing has been shown to contribute to illness.

It may subvert human autonomy.

The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.

Personal, social, political, and institutional resources, as well as physical capacities.

Avoidable and unfair differences in health status between groups of people based on socio-economic status or gender.

Taking known risks, such as binge drinking.

Illness is not purely a biological state but has a social dimension.

I feel healthy when I maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly.

Social expectations are applied to the sick regarding their behavior and responsibilities.

Aging or allergies.

It may create unrealistic health demands and lead to a loss of coping and self-care rights.

They help identify needs and work towards informed choices.

Health mirrors the distribution of material resources within society.

Health literacy, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and coping skills.

Screening tests like Papanicolaou (Pap) smear or cancer screening.

The unique characteristics and needs of each setting.

Legislation on food advertising/labeling and restricting access to unhealthy products in school shops.

Rehabilitation, patient education, or palliative care.

Raising awareness of health issues and factors contributing to ill health.

Better health is strongly associated with higher income; poverty affects dietary intake, hazard exposure, access to healthcare services, self-care, and habits.

Clients are not held responsible for their condition and are excused from certain social roles and tasks.

An ultimate goal of well-being.

Random drug testing.

Doctors and health workers contribute to ill health and create harm (iatrogenesis).

As a dynamic, growing process.

That medicine operates beyond its legitimate area of authority.

As dynamic and interactive.

Socioeconomic status.

Workshops, seminars, printed materials, and digital resources.

To assess effectiveness and improve future programs.

The link between health and the way a society is structured, including infrastructure like shelter, peace, food, income, and social integration.

To act as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert.

The importance of a good physical environment, including quality housing, transport, sanitation, and pure water facilities.

They may result in a loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death.

Preventing the progression of illness and disease through early diagnosis.

A positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one’s own worth.

The distribution of wealth, income, housing, and employment.

The ability to understand and use health information effectively.

By endorsing voluntary change and utilizing measures that compel behavior change, such as increasing insurance premiums for smokers.

Self-responsibility.

Nearly 9 out of 10 Americans.

8%.

By providing knowledge and skills to make informed health choices.

Housing, water, sanitation, air and food pollution, waste disposal, and pest control.

Health is defined by the ability to perform social roles and fulfill responsibilities.

Community involvement is crucial for identifying health needs and implementing effective health promotion strategies.

Childhood infections.

The medicalization of life that creates unrealistic health demands, leading to a loss of coping and the right to self-care.

Encouraging individuals to adopt healthier behaviors.

The loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death, often due to unrealistic expectations generated by medicine.

I am healthy because I prioritize my physical and mental well-being.

Life expectancy and quality of life.

Health education.

It can alter body image and self-esteem.

Creating supportive environments and policies for health.

Preparing health information brochures, pamphlets, videos, and delivering lectures.

A person affected my health by encouraging me to adopt healthier habits.

Due to role changes and increased responsibilities.

Between 16% and 65%.

Symptomatic patients.

I am responsible for my health by making informed choices.

Motivating and persuading people to make changes in their lifestyle.

Medical, Behavioral, Educational, Empowerment, and Social Change.

Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.

Nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health.

The health educator or doctor decides if the intervention is effective.

Cancer.

Education, employment, income, housing, and geographic location.

Through education, clear communication from healthcare providers, and accessible health resources.

Improvements in sanitation and nutrition lead to a reduction in mortality.

Immunization or reducing exposure to risk factors.

Partnering with healthcare providers can empower health literacy.

Setting clear, measurable objectives.

The ability to feel, recognize, and express feelings, as well as to develop and sustain relationships.

School-based awareness programs and exercise classes.

The whole being of the individual.

Higher education levels are associated with better health outcomes.

The reasons behind individuals' health-related behaviors.

To stay healthy, I need to eat nutritious foods, stay active, and manage stress.

Profound inequalities in income and wealth are associated with persistent inequalities in health.

To empower individuals to make health-related decisions.

My health improves when I consistently follow a healthy routine.

Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain health conditions.

Acceptance and the ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.

An ecological model that considers the interaction between the agent, host, and environment in health.

Enabling individuals to take control of their health.

Lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, and smoking significantly affect health outcomes.

Healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease.

Increased demands can include caregiving and support tasks.

About 10%.

Belief in one's ability to succeed in health-related tasks.

The ability to maintain harmonious relationships with other members of society.

One-to-one, group, organization, and community levels.

The recognition and practice of moral or religious principles and having a sense of purpose in life.

Financial problems may occur due to medical expenses and lost income.

It influences an individual's confidence in making health decisions.

Strategies that help individuals manage stress and challenges related to health.

To enhance health and well-being through education and promotion strategies.

It empowers individuals to make informed health choices.

It identifies the health needs of a population to tailor interventions.

By addressing health behaviors and encouraging healthier lifestyles.