Test2

Cooperation by Sharing and Cooperation by Message Passing.

The producer process sends a message to the kernel, which then sends it to the consumer process.

Process management, file management, memory management, and I/O management.

It improves computation speed and makes execution faster.

The implementation of kernel threads is more difficult than user threads.

The process is waiting for a processor to be assigned to it.

Preemptive Scheduling occurs when a process switches from running state to ready state or from waiting state to ready state.

FCFS allocates the CPU to the process that requests it first, using a FIFO queue.

A communication method to exchange data and information.

The kernel-level thread is fully aware of all threads.

Multiple CPUs and input/output devices.

Program counter, register set, and stack space.

It allows processes to access the same files concurrently, increasing speed and efficiency.

It occurs when a process has to wait until a message is received by a previous process.

Execution of the instructions.

It is simple, easy to use, and starvation-free as all processes get balanced CPU allocation.

Various CPU registers.

It selects the process with the smallest amount of time remaining until completion.

It allows breaking complex tasks into modules for more efficient and faster execution.

When it needs to wait for a resource, such as user input or a file.

It can lead to data damage due to improper handling.

The process is waiting for some event to occur.

Deadlock.

When a consumer process does not receive a message it needs to execute a task.

It is a preemptive version of the Shortest Job First (SJF) method.

Because different processes need to communicate with each other.

Preemptive Scheduling and Non-Preemptive Scheduling.

The context switching period between threads is less than that for processes, which incurs more overhead.

FCFS supports both non-preemptive and preemptive scheduling, is easy to implement, but has high wait times.

Many-to-many, many-to-one, and one-to-one relationships.

By using shared resources such as data, memory, variables, and files.

Turnaround time is the total time taken for a process to arrive in the ready queue and complete.

Information Sharing, Computation Speed, Convenience, Modularity.

By splitting a process into many threads, increasing the number of jobs done in unit time.

NEW, READY, RUNNING, WAITING, TERMINATED.

Threads share the same address space, unlike processes which require exclusive communication strategies.

A process that does not affect or impact any other process and does not share data with them.

A section that provides data integrity and avoids data inconsistency.

Start, Ready, Running, Waiting, Terminated (or Exit).

Short processes are handled very quickly.

Non-Preemptive Scheduling occurs when a process terminates or switches from running state to waiting state.

Process state, process privileges, process ID, pointer to parent process, and program counter.

FCFS suffers from the Convoy effect and has a higher average waiting time compared to other algorithms.

The heart and core of an operating system that interacts with hardware to execute processes.

They are added to the end of the ready queue.

Throughput is the total number of processes completed per unit of time, representing the total work done by the CPU.

To allow processes to share data and information, affecting each other.

To receive messages from the producer process and send them to the consumer process.

Information from the page table, memory limitations, and segment table.

Response time is the time taken from the submission of a process until its first response is produced.

The OS scheduler assigns a processor to the process, and it executes the process instructions.

A list of the process’s I/O devices.

The process waits for removal from main memory after execution or termination.

The creation of the process.

Sensitive user data may be shared unintentionally with other processes.

Code, data, and files, but not stack and register.

A process has completed execution.

Because every process gets an equal share of CPU.

Process A sends a message to the kernel, which then sends it to Process B.

Process priority and additional scheduling information.

SRTF has more context switches, consuming valuable CPU time.

More than one thread can be scheduled on multiple processors.

When a thread completes execution, the process can respond as soon as possible.

FCFS is easy to implement and follows a first-come, first-serve method.

It multiplexes any number of user threads onto an equal or smaller number of kernel threads.

The scheduler may decide to spend more CPU time on processes with a large number of threads.

Start.

CPU use for process execution, time constraints, and execution ID.

Deadlock can occur if a consumer process waits for a message that is not received.

The process is waiting to be assigned to any processor.

A scheduling algorithm can minimize the waiting time of a process, but cannot change the time required for execution.

It allows different processes to access the same file concurrently, making execution more efficient.

Long processes may be held off indefinitely if short processes are continually added.

A data structure managed by the operating system that contains all information required to track a process.

Independent and cooperating processes.

#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf(“Hi, Subhadip! ”); return 0; }

To uniquely identify each process in the operating system.

A program is a piece of code, while a process is the running representation of that code.

It points to the address of the process’s next instruction.