It is the best source of steroids and major precursors of glucocorticoids.
Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid.
Silbinin (a mix of silybin A and silybin B).
As a standard to determine the total flavonoid content of an extract.
Rhamnus purshianus.
Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. raponticum.
It increases the Ca+2 inside the heart muscles, leading to a positive inotropic effect.
Brassica alba.
Nerium oleander.
They have a five-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 23 carbons.
As stimulant cathartics.
Controls lipid levels and prevents atherosclerosis and coronary disease.
They are responsible for the antioxidant properties.
Salix purpurea and S. fragilis.
Salicin.
Saligenin/salicylic alcohol (aglycone).
Picrotoxin.
Dysmenorrhea, bleeding, asthma.
The hydroxyl group.
They are used for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) to help pump out enough blood.
Chalcones, which produce flavonoids.
Smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, and parillin.
A glycosidic bond.
It is a sweet compound used as an expectorant and flavoring agent.
Acrinyl isothiocyanate.
To identify non-volatile glycosides.
Digitoxin, gitoxin, and gitaloxin.
Anthracene derivatives.
More hydroxyl groups lead to better antioxidant activity.
They become colorless (Leucocyanidin).
Coumarin.
Diuretic and weak urinary antiseptic.
Lupulin.
The production of condensed tannins.
The phenylpropanoid branch of the shikimate pathway.
Anthranol.
Barbaloin and chrysophanic acid.
Rhabdomyolysis.
Aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids.
It is used as a detergent and emulsifier.
Froth test.
Pterocarpus santalinus.
Santalin.
Dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Cardenolide and bufadienolide.
Orange-red colored compounds soluble in dilute alcohol and boiling/hot water.
Red, violet, or green.
Hellebrin.
Sugar ethers; heteropolysaccharides composed of a glycone and an aglycone.
Convallaria majalis.
Preparation of arrow poisons.
It is used as an aphrodisiac, adaptogen, and for treating anemia, diabetes, gastritis, and sexual impotence.
Sinalbin.
Presence of deoxy sugar.
Bufadienolides have a six-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 24 carbons.
They increase the tone of smooth muscle in the wall of large intestines and inhibit Cl ion channels.
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).
It should be aged for at least 1 year.
Cured with MgO or alkaline earths.
Flavonoids.
They have a specific action on cardiac tissues, increasing the force of systolic contraction.
Humulus lupulus.
A flavonoid that is the phenolic nucleus of condensed tannins.
Scillaren A.
Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.
Hormones, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK).
Prevents atherosclerosis, increases memory and mental flexibility, and alleviates menopausal symptoms.
Quercetin (aglycone), rhamnose, and glucose.
As a cathartic for habitual constipation.
Dicoumarol is derived from improperly cured leaves and flowering tops of Melilotus officinalis and is used as an anticoagulant.
Cantharidin is a constituent of Cantharis vesicatoria, used as an irritant, vesicant, rubefacient, and aphrodisiac.
Psoralens, such as methoxsalen, aid in repigmentation for idiopathic vitiligo and control symptoms of psoriasis.
Warfarin.
Vanillin.
Vanilla.
Adonitoxin, cymarin, K-strophantin.
Silybium marianum.
Gamma-benzopyrone.
Sennoside.
Treatment of burns, abrasions, and skin irritations.
Warfarin inhibits the reduction of vitamin K, preventing the activation of clotting factors.
Anthraquinone glycosides, phenols, and alcohols.
It was used to wash hair (shampoo).
They are essential for steroid hormones, Vitamin D, and other biological functions.
Cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroidal alkaloids.
Citrus paradisi.
Populin (benzoylsalicin).
Anthelmintic for tapeworm infestation.
Furanocoumarins are compounds found in grapefruit juice.
The mevalonate pathway and the shikimic acid pathway.
It can cause fluid/Na+ retention and reduce K+, leading to hypernatremia and hypokalemia.
They form a froth.
Stevia rebaudiana.
Digitoxin has a longer half-life (168 to 192 hours) compared to Digoxin (30 to 40 hours).
Theobroma cacao.
Procyanidins and other flavonoids and polyphenols.
Apocynum cannabinum.
Populus tremuloides or Populus tremula.
Mallotus philippinensis.
Rhamnus frangula.
It is a target of statins to inhibit sterol production.
Genistein.
Being precursors to estrogen, also known as phytoestrogens.
Cascarosides A, B, C, and D.
Sennosides A and B.
Keratolytic agent for psoriasis, trichophytosis, and eczema.
Hyperforin.
Acts as a reuptake inhibitor and increases neurotransmitters.
They are yellow pigments found in flowers.
Viburnum prunifolium.
Vanillin.
They inhibit CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5), leading to higher drug concentrations and potential toxicity.
It condenses with the aglycone to form the actual glycoside.
Asiaticoside and centelloside.
They can hemolyze RBCs.
200-300 times.
They are digoxin-specific antibodies that bind to excess digoxin in the blood for excretion.
Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.
Anamirta cocculus.
Psoralens.
It leads to bleeding due to the inability to convert clotting factors to their active form.
Lactone glycosides.
Gallic acid and ellagic acid.
It can give rise to phenylpropanoids.
Antirheumatic (like salicylic acid).
Green Hellebore.
Vanilla planifolia or Vanilla tahitensis.
