Lecture 3A- Examination (II) 20240918

A condition characterized by difficulty in reaching for objects using visual guidance.

Right temporo-occipital lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

It helps in assessing sensory function and determining the level of injury.

Assessing spasticity in individuals.

A disorder where a person cannot recognize objects despite having intact vision.

Damage to subcortical structures, particularly the thalamus.

PPC lesion.

Applying a light stimulus such as a wisp of cotton or brushing motion of the fingertips to the skin.

A condition that appears with eyes closed in the absence of weakness.

Practice helps develop skills and familiarity with tools.

It evaluates spatial neglect by asking individuals to bisect a line.

Damage to the perisylvian network, including pre- and postcentral, supramarginal, and superior temporal gyri.

After a confrontation test for visual field is done.

2018/11/15.

The 'what' pathway, also known as the ventral stream.

The examiner passively moves one joint on the affected side, and the patient reproduces the movement with the moved limb or the unaffected limb if they are a stroke patient.

A condition where individuals fail to notice stimuli on one side of their environment.

On a bony prominence, fingertips, or tips of the toes.

Paralysis refers to complete loss of muscle function, while paresis refers to partial loss of muscle function.

Eye movements, speech, limbs, or trunk.

Muscle contracts but the patient is unable to lift the limb.

1→2→3 and 3→2→1.

Medical Management Team.

Inability to perform previously learned purposeful movements despite having understanding, sensation, and motor function.

Inadequate strength, loss of coordination, impaired sensation, attentional difficulties, abnormal tone, movement disorders, intellectual deterioration, poor comprehension, or uncooperativeness.

Contralateral frontal (especially premotor cortex), parietal (especially posterior parietal cortex), or long association fiber lesions in the dominant hemisphere.

By improving precision and reducing physical effort.

Slight increase in muscle tone.

The great toe dorsiflexes (Babinski sign).

Line cancellation test.

The fingers of the examiner holding the tuning fork.

To assess muscle tone.

The patient's eyes should always be closed.

The ratio of stars cancelled on the left of the page to the total number of stars cancelled.

Not able to overcome resistance.

It refers to a specific classification or guideline within the MMT framework.

Across space, using the body as a reference.

The 'where' pathway, also known as the dorsal stream.

Stimulating the skin.

65-year-old male.

Filling in the numbers on a clock face or copying geometric figures.

Superior and inferior parietal lobules.

Lead-pipe rigidity and cogwheel rigidity.

A speed-dependent increase in resistance to passive movement, associated with lesions in the corticospinal tract.

54 points.

< 44/54.

Able to hold against resistance but the examiner can overcome.

To measure dysdiadokokinesia.

Inability to identify an object by touch when placed in the hand.

An area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve root.

The examiner displaces the joint of a finger or toe while the patient reports perceived changes in position with eyes closed.

More proximal limb joints are tested until normal position sense is encountered.

Disorders affecting the corticospinal tract.

Areas 39 and 40.

Bilateral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).

Impaired coordination resulting from lesions affecting the cerebellum or its connections.

To assess neglect by having individuals copy a scene.

Coordination and dysmetria by having the patient move their index finger between their nose and the examiner's finger.

Hypoactive reflex.

It affects auditory perception.

The state of muscle tension and the integrity of the reflex arc.

Difficulty making precise and fine movements with the fingers, such as tying shoelaces.

To evaluate unilateral spatial neglect through cancellation tasks.

To assess coordination in both legs.

https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/neuro2.htm

Cranial nerves exam.

Intention tremor.

Pusher syndrome.

2020/10/19.

Affected part is rigid in flexion or extension.

Supramarginal gyrus.

Small fibers.

Medial Geniculate Nucleus, involved in auditory processing.

The coordination and execution of voluntary movements.

Loss of ability to have normal function of the lower limbs, such as walking, not due to loss of motor or sensory functions.

Misperception of body awareness and objects in space.

A disorder where individuals cannot carry out a sequence of actions to achieve a goal, often due to a lack of understanding of the task.

It is not a 'Make test'.

It helps to identify differences in sensation between the two sides of the body.

Achilles reflex.

Boyd RN & Graham HK.

A condition characterized by over- or under-shooting movements.

Failure to attend to space or use the limbs on one side of the body.

It aids in diagnosing and understanding the extent of nerve damage.

Spinal cord injuries or diseases affecting the nervous system.

To ensure safety and effectiveness in completing the task.

Increased tone over the entire range of motion, associated with basal ganglia disorders.

Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus, related to somatosensory processing.

Weakness, muscle atrophy, decreased muscle tone, hypoactive reflex, and fasciculation.

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, responsible for visual information.

Proprioception, vibration, and light touch.

A condition where individuals have difficulty executing movements on command, despite understanding the task.

It focuses on the individual's own position in space.

Middle Cerebral Artery, supplies blood to lateral aspects of the brain.

Posterior Cerebral Artery, supplies blood to the occipital lobe.

Elbow flexors and extensors.

It assesses the ability to copy a scene, indicating spatial awareness.

Failure to perceive a visual or tactile stimulus when applied bilaterally, even though it can be perceived when applied unilaterally.

Muscle tone and resistance to passive movement.

15:59.

A type of tremor that occurs at the end of a movement.

Impaired magnitude and rhythm of movements.

Obliteration of the right lateral ventricle and midline shift.

To assess Unilateral Spatial Neglect through line crossing.

Pain, thermal sensations, and light touch.

Large fibers.

Loops involving the posterior thalamus and putamen of the non-dominant hemisphere.

To assess unilateral spatial neglect (USN).

Compare between the two sides of the body, distal and proximal parts, dermatomes, and lesioned and intact regions.

The ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.

Manual Muscle Testing.

It evaluates the ability to cancel out specific stimuli, indicating neglect.

C2C8 and L1S2.

The integrity of the sensory-motor loop to and from the spinal cord (Ia → α MN).

European Journal of Neurology.

It helps in quantifying the degree of spasticity.

Within the object, using the object as a reference.

Inability to draw accurate representations of external space.

Plantar flexion of the toes when stroking the sole of the foot.

Egocentric and Allocentric.

It is involved in sensory integration.

The patient must cross out all the small stars on a sheet of paper.

Angular gyrus.

The supine patient runs the heel of one foot smoothly up and down the opposite shin while keeping the heel in contact with the shin.

Dysdiadokokinesia.

Upper motor neuron lesions show increased muscle tone, while lower motor neuron lesions show decreased muscle tone.

The ability to perceive sensory stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature.

It assesses the ability to cross lines on a page, indicating neglect.

It assesses the ability to cancel out keys on a page, indicating spatial neglect.

The right elbow.

Clinical Rehabilitation.

A coin, key, or safety pin.

Inability to differentiate between a single stimulus and two simultaneously applied adjacent stimuli.

Parietal and frontal structures in combination.

Decerebrate and decorticate posture.

At the right basal ganglia, frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

Abnormally decreased muscle tone, associated with LMNs or cerebellar disorders.

A sensory test that measures the ability to perceive two distinct points of touch.

The inability to perceive stimuli on one side when stimuli are presented simultaneously on both sides.

Inability to conceptualize a task and impaired ability to complete multistep actions and use objects.

Superior parietal lobule (SPL) areas 5 & 7 and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) areas 39 & 40.

Testing should begin in the center of the affected area and proceed outward.

Passive range of motion (ROM).

Inattention to sensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the brain lesion.

Canceling out the 2 small stars in the middle.

The evaluation of walking patterns and stability.

Possible neurological dysfunction.

The clinical assessment of apraxia.

Highly increased muscle tone.

They modulate the Deep Tendon Reflex.

To assist in performing tasks more efficiently.

Coordination, balance, and gait exams.

Hand tools, power tools, and specialized equipment.

A low-pitched tuning fork at 128 Hz.

Weakness, muscle atrophy, increased muscle tone, hyperactive tendon reflex, and Babinski sign (+).

Inability to plan or complete motor actions that rely on semantic memory; can perform actions automatically when cued but cannot follow commands or imitate actions.

The process by which the brain combines sensory information from different modalities.

Difficulties with performing purposeful movements with the lips, tongue, cheeks, larynx, and pharynx on command.

A disorder characterized by difficulty in assembling or constructing objects.

Less than 5 minutes.

Unawareness of a neurologic deficit.

In association with unilateral right-sided or bilateral lesions of different brain areas.

Bohannon RW et al.

Bilateral frontal or diffuse cerebral lesions.

Where the stimulus is perceived and how intensely it is felt on both sides.

Testing with larger position changes first, then proceeding to smaller changes.

Whether the vibration is felt and when the feeling goes away.

Parietal, temporal lobes, and thalamus.

A condition where individuals fail to notice objects on one side of their body, often assessed through tasks like star cancellation and clock drawing.

A condition where individuals neglect objects in the environment, assessed through tasks like line bisection and scene copying tests.

Sensory testing should begin distally, at the toes and fingers.

USN in the left hemispace.

USN in the right hemispace.

It helps to assess the extent of sensory deficits accurately.

Vibration sense.

Hematoma at the left medial parietal lobe.

Somatosensory information.

Cerebellar or basal ganglia disorders.

Fanning of the toes, dorsiflexion at the ankle, and flexion at the thigh.

Paralysis.

Minimal muscle contraction.

Hyperactive tendon reflex.

To assess the integrity and function of the cranial nerves.

Difficulty moving the eye, especially with saccade movements that direct the gaze to targets.

Impaired visual-guided movements.

Sensory testing should differentiate between 'impaired' and 'normal' sensation.

From big/strong to small/light stimuli.

Shoulder flexors (C5,6).

It evaluates the ability to cancel out apple images, indicating neglect.

Inferior parietal lobule.

They assess spatial neglect through drawing tasks.

Able to hold the limb against gravity.

A positive Babinski sign indicates upper motor neuron lesions.

It is involved in sensory information transmission.

Impaired visuomotor transformation.

Yes, primary sensory modalities like touch are intact.

Biceps reflex.

Heel-Knee test.

Strength, coordination, and the ability to perform movements.

Difficulty in organizing and constructing objects or drawings.

It considers the external environment and objects in space.

The level arm.

It measures the ability to accurately bisect a line, indicating spatial awareness.

Quadriceps reflex.

Fasciculation is involuntary muscle twitching, observed in lower motor neuron lesions.

The ability to maintain balance and posture.

Finger-Nose-Finger test.

Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule.

Knee flexors and extensors.

Right index finger DIP, PIP, MP, and right wrist.

Pei-Fang Tang, PhD, PT.

Cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and orientation.

School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University.