The advantage of CLI is that the user is in direct communication with the computer and is not restricted to pre-determined options.
It uses considerably more computer memory than a CLI, the user is limited to the icons provided on the screen, and it requires an operating system to operate.
System software and application software.
Files can become scattered throughout the disk surfaces, leading to fragmentation.
A platform on which other software can run.
User accounts allow multiple users to log onto the system, ensuring that their data is stored separately for security reasons and enabling customization of settings.
Screensavers can automatically log out users after a period of inactivity, indicating that the computer is locked and providing an extra layer of security.
A disk defragmenter rearranges the blocks of data to store files in contiguous sectors wherever possible.
After defragmentation, track 8 would have File 1 and File 3 stored in contiguous sectors.
The Keyboard Manager handles user input by managing buffers and queues to ensure that keystrokes are processed efficiently and accurately.
Examples include anti-virus software, anti-spyware, file backup, disk repair, file management, and disk defragmentation.
The operating system manages basic functions and allows users to communicate with the computer.
A user interacts with a GUI on a mobile phone by selecting icons on the screen, which automatically loads the corresponding application.
It allows a computer or microprocessor to interface with sensors to measure physical quantities and control applications.
They are put into quarantine, allowing for automatic deletion or user decision on deletion.
By preventing users from entering 'private areas' on a computer through privileges, passwords, and user IDs.
Buffers are used to compensate for the difference between download speeds and the data requirements of the receiving device, preventing the movie from freezing.
Multitasking allows computers to carry out more than one task at a time, sharing hardware resources under the control of the operating system. It requires constant monitoring of process status, resource allocation, process interruption, and priority management.
An administrator typically oversees the management of user accounts, including creating, deleting, and restricting user account activity.
A CLI requires users to type commands to perform operations, while a GUI allows users to interact using icons and images without typing commands.
The user is in direct communication with the computer, not restricted to pre-determined options, can alter configuration settings, and it uses a small amount of computer memory.
One of the most common technologies used in GUIs is WIMP (windows icons menu and pointing device).
A programmer, analyst, or technician who needs direct communication with a computer to develop software, locate errors, and perform memory dumps.
If a USB device has no serial number, the operating system treats it as a new device every time it is plugged into a USB port.
An operating system enables computer systems to function correctly, providing an environment for applications and a usable interface between humans and computers.
It can manipulate videos by adding titles, color correction, and altering sound, as well as rearranging and removing sections of clips.
Yes, the processor can continue with its tasks while the printer buffer is being emptied.
The main tasks of file management include file naming conventions, performing specific tasks (create, open, close, delete, rename, copy, move), maintaining directory structures, ensuring access control mechanisms, and ensuring memory allocation for a file.
1. The current working version on the internal HDD or SSD, 2. A locally backed up copy on a portable SSD, 3. A remote backup version using cloud storage.
They allow the microprocessor to continue performing other tasks while waiting for slower operations, like printing, thus maximizing processing power and speed.
The current task is suspended while the interrupt is serviced.
Time Machine is a back-up utility that automatically backs up every hour, with daily backups for the past month and weekly backups for previous months.
An interrupt signal is sent to the processor when the printer buffer becomes empty.
Virus checkers run in the background, check software or files before they are run, compare potential viruses against a database, and perform heuristic checking.
By carrying out updates as and when they become available.
The ability for the recovery of data and system restore when it has been lost or corrupted.
Buffers temporarily store data since the printer speed is much slower than the microprocessor speed, allowing the microprocessor to continue with other tasks.
The BIOS program is stored in a special type of ROM called EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).
The BIOS settings would be reset to the default factory settings if the CMOS battery is removed or disconnected.
Interrupts allow the microprocessor to temporarily stop its current task to service a signal from a device or software.
New viruses are constantly being discovered, so keeping the software updated is essential for effective protection.
Using device drivers.
The sectors of the deleted file become vacant but are not immediately filled by the new file's data, leading to fragmentation.
A device driver is software that enables hardware devices to communicate with the computer's operating system.
An error message will be produced if the appropriate driver cannot be found.
Examples of file name extensions include .docx, .bat, .htm, .dbf, .txt, and .xls.
Yes, it can be a single program like NotePad or a suite of programs like Microsoft Office.
Utility programs are often initiated by the user, but some, like virus checkers, run in the background without user input.
A linker combines one or more object files produced by a compiler into a single program that can be run on a computer.
Defragmentation software reorganizes scattered files on a hard disk drive to improve data access time by storing files in contiguous sectors.
The data is sent to a printer queue before it can be sent to the printer buffer.
Back-up software allows for scheduling file backups and only performs backups if changes have been made to a file.
Data is organized in tables, consisting of rows (records) and columns (fields).
Interrupts enable the computer to manage multiple tasks by rapidly passing data in and out of memory, giving the impression that tasks are being executed simultaneously.
System software consists of programs that allow hardware to run properly and enable user communication with the computer.
Heuristic checking involves examining software for behaviors that could indicate a possible virus, useful for detecting new or unknown viruses.
Multitasking in an operating system refers to the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.
All input and output peripheral devices.
The operating system manages hardware and software resources and provides services for application software.
High-level languages are more abstract and easier for humans to read, while low-level languages are closer to machine code and provide more control over hardware.
An IDE provides tools for writing, testing, and debugging code, making the development process more efficient.
Security software manages access control and user accounts, links to other utility software, protects network interfaces, uses encryption and decryption, and oversees software updates.
The current task's status is saved, the interrupt service routine (ISR) is executed, and once serviced, the status of the interrupted task is reinstated.
Application software consists of programs that allow users to perform specific tasks.
Functions include using formulas for calculations, producing graphs, and performing modeling and 'what if' calculations.
An interrupt signal is sent to request more data to be sent to the printer.
Common examples include video and music streaming, GPS, and camera facilities.
Screensavers were originally developed to protect older CRT monitors from 'phosphor burn' caused by static images.
It allows restoring data, creating restore points, and setting options for where to save backup files.
File History takes snapshots of files and stores them on an external HDD at regular intervals, defaulting to every hour.
The operating system searches for the appropriate device driver to enable communication with the newly connected hardware.
Firmware is a program that provides low-level control for devices, often associated with the BIOS in a computer.
Data could be lost, applications could produce incorrect results, potential security issues could arise, and in extreme cases, the computer could crash.
Common examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS, Google Android, and Apple iOS.
The time to write data to disk is much longer than the time it takes for the microprocessor to carry out its tasks.
To ensure the privacy of data.
A windows manager oversees the interaction between windows, applications, pointing devices, and the cursor's position.
The end-user who does not need extensive knowledge of how the computer works, such as someone using the computer to run software, play games, or manipulate photographs.
Examples include virus checkers, defragmentation software, disk contents analysis and repair, file compression and management, backup software, security, and screensavers.
To ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data.
Memory management in an operating system is responsible for managing the computer's memory resources, ensuring efficient allocation and use.
Locating and loading the printer driver, sending data to a printer buffer, and managing queues and control commands.
To perform various applications (apps) on a computer.
The process of loading the operating system into RAM when a computer starts up is known as booting up the computer.
Pre-emptive multitasking is a method where the operating system allocates resources to processes for a specific time limit, allowing processes to be interrupted and prioritized to manage resources effectively.
The allocation and usage of hardware resources.
A buffer is a memory area that temporarily stores data, allowing for efficient data transfer during interrupt servicing.
Bitmap software changes pixels, while vector software manipulates lines, curves, and text.
It checks all traffic to and from the computer.
It receives and handles error messages and interrupts from the printer.
Device drivers are software that communicate with the operating system and translate data into a format understood by hardware peripheral devices.
The BIOS handles the start-up of the computer's motherboard, locating the storage device that holds the operating system and loading the necessary part of the operating system.
A compiler translates a program written in a high-level language into machine code for the computer to execute.
Most computers store the operating system on a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid state drive (SSD).
One function of an operating system related to security is managing log on and passwords.
Files become scattered across the disk surface, leading to slower data access times as the read-write head has to move more to retrieve data.
USB descriptors are a collection of information about devices, including vendor id (VID), product id (PID), and unique serial numbers, allowing the USB bus to identify newly connected devices.
Interrupts can be caused by timing signals, input/output processes, hardware faults, user interaction, or software errors.
It manages primary storage (RAM), allows data movement between RAM and HDD/SSD, keeps track of memory locations, and carries out memory protection.
The contents of the printer buffer are emptied to the printer and the data from the document is printed.
To preserve the integrity, security, and privacy of data.
To take data from a file and translate it into a format that the input/output device can understand.
It allows users to change brightness, contrast, saturation, remove red-eye, and perform complex manipulations.
Ensuring the privacy of data.
Functions include creating, editing, saving text, copy and paste, spell check, and importing images.
By ensuring each hardware resource has a priority for usage and release.
System software and application software.
It is a set of programs to control and manage the operation of computer hardware.
Interrupts allow the CPU to respond to events and manage multiple tasks by temporarily halting the current process.
Utility programs are system software designed to help manage, maintain, and control computer resources.
