Short Answer Test 1 full

Acetylcholine, with antagonists like curare or Novacaine.

A correlational study measures associations between variables but cannot infer causation; an observational study observes phenomena in their natural environment; a case study examines one subject.

Dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal buttons.

Touch, spatial orientation, and non-verbal thinking, as they contain the somatosensory cortex.

Wernicke’s area.

Explicitly stating intentions by writing down when, where, and how to do a task, which improves the likelihood of completing it.

Independent variable: level of anxiety; dependent variable: number of words generated on the word generation task.

Improvement in condition due to belief in receiving treatment, despite no real treatment.

The motor cortex senses movement, and the prefrontal cortex handles executive functions like planning and organization.

A confound is a variable that is not controlled for, which may affect the relationship between two variables, such as IQ affecting the relationship between self-esteem and GPA.

Motor control, learning, memory, sleep, dreaming.

Language, hearing, and visual pattern recognition.

Clinical psychology involves diagnosing and treating validated mental disorders, while counseling psychology focuses on higher functioning individuals and various daily functioning issues.

Naturalistic study observes phenomena in their natural environment; a case study examines one subject; a survey consists of questions for a population.

A sample that is representative of the population of interest, allowing results to be generalized to wider populations.

Temporal lobes.

Learning of fear, recognition of fear, and involvement in other emotions.

A researcher studying the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on patients with bulimia nervosa.

Glia and neurons.

Feelings of pleasure and relief from pain; dopamine.

A person who has had their corpus callosum severed, preventing communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

A method where both subjects and the experimenter are unaware of the hypothesis or the condition the subject is in, used to reduce social desirability bias and experimenter bias.

Learning of fear, recognition of fear, and involvement in other emotions.

The experimental group was made anxious by the threat of giving an improvised speech, and both groups filled out the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety levels.

To prevent bias from both participants and experimenters affecting the results.

The myelin sheath is a coating derived from glial cells that surrounds the axon of certain neurons to increase the speed of electrical pulses traveling down the axon.

Feelings of pleasure and relief from pain, associated with dopamine.

Language, speech, logic, and complex motor behavior.

You can no longer speak language.

Curare.

The environment and learning experiences as the most important influences on human development and behavior, focusing on observable behavior.

Parietal lobes.

A researcher studying the effects of crowding on levels of aggression.

Subtle unconscious cues by the experimenter may influence participants to respond in a way that favors the experimenter's hypotheses.

The small space between the terminal buttons of the pre-synaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

Acetylcholine and curare (or Novacaine).

When a neuron receives sufficient excitatory messages, the electrical charge exceeds the threshold and fires an electrical pulse down the axon.

Improvement in condition or symptoms due to belief in receiving treatment, despite no real treatment being given.

Vision.

They are unable to name the object because the information is sent to the right hemisphere, which does not control language.

A correlation measures associations between two variables, while an experiment uses random assignment to control variables and allows for causal inferences.

Psychology is firmly based in empirical research.

The SQ3R method stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review.

Independent variable: level of anxiety; Dependent variable: number of words generated in the task.

Assesses, diagnoses, and treats mental disorders, often through individual or group therapy.

By using the double-blind procedure.

Uncertainty about whether variable A causes variable B to change, or vice versa, or if there is mutual interaction.

To allow for causal inferences to be made between the independent and dependent variables.

They bind to receptor sites on the dendrite if compatible, or are cleaned away or undergo reuptake.

They contain the visual cortex and are primarily responsible for vision.

An action potential occurs when a neuron receives enough excitatory messages, causing the electrical charge to exceed the threshold and fire an electrical pulse down the axon.

Primary visual cortex.

Views humans as instinct-driven creatures with little control over their behavior, focusing on unconscious conflicts and traumas.

The number of words generated on the word generation (or 'Boggle') task.

Involved in memory consolidation and possible storage.

Recognition of faces, places, sounds (music), and emotion; assembling puzzles, discriminating colors, and arranging blocks.

A correlational study measures associations between variables but cannot infer causation; an observational study observes phenomena in their natural environment; a case study examines one subject in detail.

To control for all variables except the independent variable being manipulated, allowing for causal inferences.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, encompassing anything an animal or human does, feels, or thinks.

1. Acetylcholine – muscle movement, attention, arousal, memory; 2. Dopamine – pleasure and reward; 3. Serotonin – eating, sleep, aggression; 4. Norepinephrine – mood, sleep, depression.

A case study examines one subject, while an experiment uses random assignment to control variables.

Permanent changes in the structure and function of anatomy, such as testosterone creating male genitalia in the womb.

Clinical psychologist.

The Spielberger State Anxiety Scale.

A researcher studying children's ability to recognize their mothers' faces at different ages.

A correlation measures the strength and direction of associations between two variables, while an experiment is a controlled study that uses random assignment to manipulate the independent variable, allowing for causal inferences.

A researcher studying the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on patients with bulimia nervosa.

Associated with the learning and recognition of fear.

A correlational study measures the strength and direction of associations between two variables, while an observational study observes phenomena in their natural environment with minimal interference.

Regulating mood, sleep, and depression.

1. Experimental condition (anxiety induced by speech threat) and 2. Control condition.

Philosophy and physiology.

A health care professional who helps families deal with everyday problems.

Glia and neurons.

A Clinical Psychologist assesses, diagnoses, and treats mental disorders, conducting individual and/or group therapy with patients.

A researcher examining the outcomes of drug therapy vs. psychotherapy vs. combined treatment for patients with depression.

The thalamus acts as a relay station for the cerebral cortex, receiving sensory information (except smell), sorting it, and sending it to the appropriate cortex for processing.

Observes phenomena in their natural environment with minimal interference.

The synaptic gap is the space between the terminal buttons of the pre-synaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron, where neurotransmitters are released to bind to receptors, be cleaned away, or undergo reuptake.

Social psychologists study groups and group behavior, including attraction, obedience, conformity, religion, aggression, and prejudice.

A researcher studying the effects of crowding on levels of aggression.

A coating from glial cells surrounding the axon to increase the speed of electrical pulses.

It is a controlled study using random assignment to control for all variables except the independent variable.

Height and weight are positively correlated.

The importance of the environment and learning experiences on human development and behavior, focusing on observable behavior.

1. Flexible control of movement patterns. 2. Subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns. 3. Symbolic thinking (foundation of thought and language).

A naturalistic study observes phenomena in their natural environment, a case study examines one subject, and an experiment is a controlled study.

The examination and observation of only one subject.

Group dynamics, interpersonal behaviors, prejudice, attitudes, conformity, aggression, attraction, etc.

A researcher studying the effects of mood on a person’s ability to remember names.

Acetylcholine, with nicotine as one of its agonists.

Broca’s area.

The number of words generated on the word generation (or 'Boggle') task.

You are no longer able to understand or comprehend speech.

By releasing hormones into the bloodstream to bind with receptors at target sites throughout the body.

It influences the pituitary gland to direct the body's gland systems to activate or deactivate.

Thinking and information processing, including memory and higher-order thinking.

Studying the effects of time on episodic vs. semantic memories.

An example could be a study examining how memory recall is affected by different types of cues.

Comparing the outcomes of drug therapy vs. psychotherapy vs. combined treatment for patients with depression.

1. A theoretical framework that organizes observations; 2. A standardized procedure for all subjects; 3. Generalizability from the sample to the population; 4. Applicability from the lab to the real world.

A variable that is not controlled for, which may affect the relationship between two other variables.

The small space between the terminal buttons of the pre-synaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron.

An experimental or academic psychologist.

Involved in memory consolidation and possible storage.

Somatosensory cortex.

The ANS is divided into the sympathetic system (activates fight or flight response) and the parasympathetic system (returns the body to a relaxation state).

Mental illness and dysfunction are caused by physical disturbances or abnormalities, with human development dependent on genetic traits.

A person who has had the corpus callosum severed, affecting communication between the brain's hemispheres.

Anxiety decreased performance on a word generation task, with the experimental group producing fewer words than the control group.

Correlational studies measure associations between variables but cannot infer causation; observational studies observe phenomena in natural settings; case studies examine one subject in detail.

Wilhelm Wundt, for creating the first university program in psychology and founding the first psychological journal.

Touch, spatial orientation, and non-verbal thinking, as they contain the somatosensory cortex.

Dendrites, cell body, axon, and synapse.

An experimental study is a controlled study that uses random assignment to control for all variables except the independent variable being manipulated.

A correlational study measures the strength and direction of associations between two variables, while an observational study observes phenomena in their natural environment with minimal interference.

A researcher examining the effects of crowding on levels of aggression.

Uncertainty about whether variable A causes changes in variable B or vice versa.

The experimental group was made anxious by threatening them with an improvised speech in front of the class.

Responsible for pleasure and pain relief.

Participants were told the study was about years in university and area of major affecting language skills, while the real focus was on how anxiety affects performance on a cognitive test.

Non-linguistic functions including recognition of faces, places, and sounds.

Designs, carries out, and publishes scientific research, often teaching and conducting research in universities or for private corporations.

Frontal lobe.

They bind to receptor sites on dendrites if compatible, otherwise they are inactivated or undergo reuptake.

A bias where participants are not completely honest in self-reports, answering in a way that makes them look better or aligns with what they think the experimenter wants.

The number of words generated.

Thinking and information processing, including memory and higher order thinking.

Survey the table of contents to prime your brain with the main concepts.

'Psyche' means 'soul' and 'logos' means 'the study of' or 'to study'.

Sigmund Freud.

Touch, spatial orientation, and non-verbal thinking, as they contain the somatosensory cortex.

Counselling psychologist.

Dopamine.

1. Frontal lobe – motor cortex. 2. Temporal lobe – auditory cortex. 3. Occipital lobe – primary visual cortex. 4. Parietal lobe - somatosensory cortex.

Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe.

Activates the fight or flight response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure while shutting down non-essential systems.

If the object is held in the left hand, as the right hemisphere, which processes that input, does not have access to language centers.

Permanent changes in bodily systems due to hormones, such as the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Philosophy and physiology.

The anxious group generated fewer words on average.

An experimental or academic psychologist.

Assessing, diagnosing, and treating mental disorders, often through individual or group therapy.

Designing, carrying out, and publishing scientific research, often in academic or corporate settings.

The experimental group was significantly more anxious than the control group (p=.01).

IQ affecting the relationship between self-esteem and GPA.

Philosophy and physiology.

Emotional responses, especially fear and pleasure.

To reduce demand characteristics and create a significantly more anxious group for testing the experimental hypothesis.

Permanent changes in the structure and function of anatomy, e.g., testosterone in the womb creates male genitalia.

A relationship where, as one variable increases, the other variable also increases; for example, height and weight.

Responsible for pleasure and pain relief.

The motor cortex senses movement; the prefrontal cortex handles executive functions like planning and organization.

'Psyche' means 'soul' and 'logos' means 'the study of' or 'to study'.

It states that unconscious conflicts or fixations during early years influence personality development.

Clinical Psychologists focus on diagnosing and treating mental health issues, while Experimental Psychologists conduct research to understand psychological processes.

Philosophy and physiology.

Clinical psychologist.

Participants in the experimental condition felt significantly more anxious and produced fewer words on the word generation task compared to the control group, indicating that anxiety decreases performance.

Inability to understand or comprehend speech.

Acetylcholine.

Muscle movement, attention, arousal, and memory.

Assesses, diagnoses, and treats mental disorders, conducting individual and/or group therapy.

Industrial organization.

Studying the effects of time on episodic vs. semantic memories.

Wilhelm Wundt, for creating the first university program in psychology and founding the first psychological journal.

A measure of the strength and direction of associations between two variables.

Industrial organization.

Neurotransmitters are released to bind to receptors, be cleaned away, or undergo reuptake.

The synaptic gap is the small space between the terminal buttons of the pre-synaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron, where neurotransmitters are released.

Motor cortex.

Pleasure and reward.

It acts as a relay station for the cerebral cortex, receiving and sorting information from all senses (except smell) before sending it to the appropriate cortex for processing.

Damage to Broca's area affects speech and grammar production.

Dopamine and cocaine.

Self-esteem and GPA are positively correlated, but it's unclear if self-esteem causes good marks or if good marks cause high self-esteem.

Philosophy and physiology.

Cocaine.

Temporary effects that do not change the permanent structure of anatomy.

Auditory cortex.

Eating, sleep, and aggression.

Level of anxiety.

Associated with the learning and recognition of fear.

Recognition of faces, places, sounds, and emotions; assembling puzzles and discriminating colors.

Broca’s area.