exam 2 study guide

It bifurcates and is located near the heart structures.

The occipital condyles.

Both are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve C4-C5.

Severe pain and a friction rub.

The right main bronchus is shorter (2.5 cm), wider, and more vertical, while the left main bronchus is longer (5 cm) and less steep.

The tailbone.

Pain in the coccyx.

Flexion and extension of the neck, such as nodding the head 'yes'.

Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis.

Damage to the thoracic nerve, which can cause winged scapula.

They are functional end arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle, and left marginal vein.

Retromammary space and suspensory ligaments.

Dimpling and thickening of the skin, resembling an orange peel.

The left atrium, left surface, and left ventricle through its branches: anterior ventricular and circumflex branch.

Blood goes into the respiratory bronchus, CO2 gets into alveoli, and O2 is put back into the blood, which flows to the heart.

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium (which includes parietal and visceral layers).

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Rarely fractured, but can pose a danger to blood vessels.

Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid process.

The head of the 1st, 11th, and 12th ribs articulate only with their own vertebrae (single facet).

Blood in the pleural cavity due to injury to the right subclavian vein during catheterization.

Thymus, great veins, arch of aorta, trachea, and esophagus.

Press scapula against the thoracic wall and medial retraction of scapula.

It causes acute inflammation due to complications from chronic tonsillitis or pharyngitis caused by streptococcus infection.

Mitral stenosis.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Elevates scapula.

T1-T4 and medial margin of scapula.

Hydrothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax, and hemothorax.

Sacral and thoracic curvatures.

Median and lateral atlanto-axial articulations.

Lactation.

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys, often associated with Klinefelter syndrome.

They cause irregular blood flow and valvular incompetence, leading to blood regurgitation and murmurs.

The main coronary veins drain into the coronary sinus.

Smallest cardiac veins that begin in the myocardium and open directly into heart chambers, mainly atria.

Obliquus capitis superior, Obliquus capitis inferior, and Rectus capitis posterior muscles.

Loss of muscle tonicity.

From C6 to T4.

The joint between the superior articular facet of the Atlas and the Occipital condyles.

Coughing muscle, adduction and lowering of the arm, medial rotation and extension of arm, raises body towards arm while climbing.

Development of milk-secreting lobules.

The right atrium and both ventricles through the right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery.

A segmental bronchus, a branch of the pulmonary artery, and a branch of the bronchial artery.

It conducts impulses through the interventricular septum to the base of the papillary muscles.

The answer is not provided in the text.

A fracture of the cervical vertebrae axis, causing displacement and pressure on the brain stem.

An anterior curvature of the lumbar spine, also known as 'swayback'.

Growth of tubular tissue.

Arthritis, chorea, skin involvement (erythema), subcutaneous nodules, and carditis.

1 cm posterior to the sacral promontory.

3–5 fused vertebrae.

Spinal cord, meninges, fat, vessels, CSF, spinal nerve rootlets/root.

At the L1-L2 level (conus medullaris).

Posterolaterally in the intervertebral disc.

Folic acid supplementation during conception and pregnancy decreases the risk but does not prevent it.

Scalene muscles, Pectoralis major and minor, Sternocleidomastoid, and Intercostal muscles.

Posterior to the midaxillary line while the patient is seated.

10 thoracic vertebrae.

Its branches and the vagus nerves.

The laryngeal nerves.

The axis.

C6-C7 and medial margin of scapula.

Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchus).

It acts as the pacemaker, generating impulses at a frequency of 70/min.

Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle goes into the pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and returns to the left atrium via two pulmonary veins.

It protects the heart against sudden overfilling and contains pericardial fluid.

A posterior curvature of the thoracic spine, part of the aging process.

To anesthetize somatic nerves while preventing loss of movement or muscle contraction, primarily during natural birth.

Smallest and lightest, short bifid spinous processes, large triangular vertebral foramen, and transverse processes contain transverse foramina.

They are located in the intercostal spaces, with anterior and posterior branches.

The fluid level by percussion.

A fracture in the arch of the axis that pushes the dens posteriorly, compressing the brain stem and potentially leading to death.

Phrenic nerves, thoracic duct, and lymphatic trunks.

It lacks a body and spinous process and supports the skull.

Elevation, retraction and rotation of scapula, adduction and slight elevation of arm.

Estrogen and progesterone.

A type of pericardial effusion where fluid builds up around the heart, preventing proper heart function.

At birth.

When we begin to walk.

With a spine brace or surgery if caught at a young age.

The disc bulges out, mostly posterolaterally where the Annulus Fibrosus is thinner.

7 cervical vertebrae.

The last 5 ribs that share cartilage from rib 7 to connect to the sternum.

Only if the parietal pleura is involved, not the visceral layer.

In the right atrium on the ventricular side of the orifice of the coronary sinus.

They are terminal fibers of the Bundle of His that merge with cardiac muscles.

Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1), III part of vertebral artery, and suboccipital venous plexus.

In the lumbar region between L4 and L5.

Meningocele (meninges protrude) or meningomyelocele (meninges plus spinal cord protrude).

Ribs 1-7 that connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

Inflammation of the pleura.

Main bronchi (primary bronchus) at T4 (sternal angle), carina.

The superior surface of the sacrum articulates with L5.

Cervical and lumbar curvatures.

An abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine that can be c or s shaped.

To avoid puncturing the spinal cord, the procedure is performed below L1-L2, typically at L4-L5.

They may damage the pleura and abdominal viscera such as the kidney, liver, and spleen.

Spina bifida occulta, closed spinal dysraphism, meningocele, and myelomeningocele (most severe).

Congestive heart failure.

Sympathetic T1-T5 spinal nerves and the parasympathetic vagus nerve.

Joints where the head of each rib articulates with two adjacent vertebrae and the disk between them.

Blood passes through the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta.

Vertebral artery and vein.

The middle ribs.

The junction where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet.

The 11th and 12th ribs that do not connect to the sternum at all.

A procedure to drain pleural fluid in pathological conditions.

Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull.

Spinal nerve/nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, vessels.

Acts as a shock absorber, is compressible, and permits slight movement of vertebrae.

It can be congenital or form from specific physical activities like gymnastics.

Posteriorly.

Injury to the thoracic duct.

C-shaped cartilage rings.

From the fusion of 5 vertebrae.

A congenital disorder caused by the failure of vertebral arches to form and fuse, usually in lumbar or sacral vertebrae.

The vertebral artery.

Infection.

12 cm long and 2 cm wide.

Thick and robust bodies, thin and tapered transverse processes, thick and blunt spinous processes pointing posteriorly, and triangular vertebral foramina.

The head and tubercles of the ribs have articular surfaces for articulation with the body and transverse processes of the vertebrae.

It gives a distal branch called the musculophrenic artery and continues as the internal thoracic artery.

Risk of injuring the liver on the right side.

They have heart-shaped bodies.

The bulge of the first sacral vertebra into the pelvic cavity.