N110F Week 04-05 Lymphatic and immune system

Approximately 500.

Neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells.

Microbes invasion.

B cells.

In tears, sweat, saliva, and breast milk.

Interstitial fluid, lymphatic capillaries, and lymphoid vessels.

In the marrow cavity of bones such as the spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, and the proximal ends of long bones.

In red bone marrow.

Lymphocytes require maturation to become fully functional, have a round nucleus, no granules in the cytoplasm, and about 5% are in the blood while others are in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

It breaks down cell walls and kills bacteria.

Early viral infection (before entering cells).

Spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, and the proximal ends of long bones.

Afferent vessel → Node → FILTER through the sinus → Efferent vessel.

Screen lymph, accelerate lymphocyte production, and maturation of natural killer (NK) cells.

Physical barriers.

It identifies and destroys abnormal cells.

It identifies and destroys damaged and aged cells, recycling or eliminating their components.

To prevent backflow.

Ovoid shape, several millimeters wide.

In the mucosal linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts.

Plasma oozes into injured tissue with nutrients and repair factors.

White blood cells (mainly neutrophils) crawl out to the damaged tissue.

Attack and remove the offending agent and initiate tissue repair process.

The size of the thymus peaks at puberty and then gradually shrinks but remains active.

Innate immunity and acquired immunity.

Innate immunity is inborn and non-specific.

Antigen presentation.

In lymphoid organs and areas in direct contact with the environment.

Histamine-degrading enzymes.

They specifically destroy parasites.

Cell-mediated immunity.

It clumps antigens with antibodies, immobilizing agglutinated cells.

They are nucleated and have a complete set of organelles.

Specific immune response.

In the left hypochondriac region, posterior to the rib cage and inferior to the diaphragm.

White blood cells.

It is responsible for the production of blood cells after birth.

Gastric juice destroys bacteria and toxins, and acidic environments on vaginal and skin surfaces protect against microbial growth.

The spleen breaks down old red blood cells.

Mucous membranes are found in the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts and they trap and prevent pathogen entry.

They filter large particles and trap microbes, and are facilitated by coughing, sneezing, and swallowing to expel pathogens.

Cell surface markers present on pathogens and cell surface markers from another individual.

Due to the accumulation of fluid in the tissues.

Immunity developed in response to a vaccination.

To remove invading non-self matters.

Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis.

In the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, anterior to the great vessels of the heart, and posterior to the sternum.

B lymphocytes mature in the red bone marrow and are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

Proliferation and maturation of T cells.

Less than 1% of total leukocytes.

Functions mainly as a B cell receptor and plays a role in activation and regulation of B cells.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM).

Approximately 3% of total leukocytes.

The nucleus of neutrophils is elongated and twisted.

Degranulation.

It is the amoeba-like ability of leukocytes to crawl between adjacent endothelial cells of capillaries.

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Tonsils in the throat, Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and the appendix.

To protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens and initiate immune responses to antigens encountered along mucosal surfaces.

Non-pathogenic bacteria on mucosal surfaces prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Macrophages and dendritic cells.

To carry out phagocytosis (ingest and destroy pathogens).

Physical barriers and chemical barriers.

It activates the antigen-specific effector T cells.

Acquired immunity requires maturation and training and is specific.

They destroy abnormal cells with specific antigens.

Through direct interaction with antigen or through antigen presentation

Wrapping around the non-self invaders.

Gaps between endothelial cells that allow passage of small water-soluble molecules (e.g., glucose, gases) while retaining larger molecules (e.g., albumin, red blood cells) in the bloodstream.

Intracellular antigens, virus-infected cells, mutated cells, and transplanted cells.

Effector T cells (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells) and memory T cells.

Injury, inflammation, and repair coexist, leading to tissue destruction, progressive damage, and impaired tissue function.

Lysozyme, acids, and normal flora.

Blood vessels dilation increases blood flow and permeability.

It is the site of T cell maturation.

In the small intestine.

Diapedesis.

Histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anti-coagulant).

No net movement of fluid occurs since capillary hydrostatic pressure (25 mm Hg) equals blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg).

Responsible for antigen presentation.

Fluid re-enters the capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (18 mm Hg) is less than blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg).

-7 mm Hg.

Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Initial cell activation around the first week and the first encounter with the antigen.

Antigen presentation.

They are internalized into a vacuole.

It undergoes apoptosis.

B cells

Eliminates the cause of infection, promotes tissue healing, and restores normal tissue function.

The right arm, right side of the chest, and right side of the head and neck.

To defend against infections and airborne particulate matter, and to clean up cellular debris and assist in tissue repair.

The thymus has two lobes: an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

The spleen screens blood, breaks down old red blood cells, produces red blood cells in fetuses and severely anemic adults, and stores platelets, iron, and macrophages.

The spleen produces red blood cells in fetuses and in severely anemic adults.

The spleen stores platelets, iron, and macrophages.

48 to 72 hours.

Inflammation is the body's cellular and vascular response to injury.

A Y-shaped protein formed in response to a specific antigen that forms the antigen-antibody complex (immune complex) for destruction.

Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis.

Activated effector T cells multiply and some evolve into memory T cells.

Soluble antigens bind with specific antibodies, forming an insoluble precipitate and losing damaging ability.

They regulate cytotoxic T cells to maintain immune system homeostasis.

B-cell receptors.

Using Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on their membrane.

Expelling the debris.

Plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) exert osmotic force, drawing fluid back into the capillaries.

Thin-walled structures and contain one-way valves to prevent backflow.

Cytokines, prostaglandins, and complement proteins.

Extracellular antigens, parasites, and early viral infections (before entering cells).

The body's cellular defense system against 'non-self' invaders, mainly by leukocytes.

To distinguish 'self' and 'non-self'.

By defending against pathogens and foreign substances.

The epidermis, a multilayer of dead cells, prevents pathogen entry.

Approximately 60%.

Cell surface markers present on pathogens, toxins secreted by pathogens, mutated cells, virus-infected cells, and cell surface markers from another individual.

Increased blood flow to the injured area.

They function as antigen receptors.

They neutralize and inactivate specific antigens.

Release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings.

Pus and fever.

Wrapping around the non-self invaders, internalizing into vacuole, secreting enzymes to digest the invaders, and expelling the debris.

Because of the presence of memory cells.

Antibodies received from the mother through placenta and breast milk.

Tissue injury and acute infection (e.g., meningitis, appendicitis, tonsillitis).

They enhance plasma cell activation

Acute inflammation has a rapid and robust response, while chronic inflammation has a less intense but persistent and prolonged response.

Yes, it is required.

Contains stem cells that differentiate into various types of blood cells.

Lymphocytes proliferation.

Natural killer cells mature in the bone marrow or lymph nodes. They are responsible for the second line of defense, killing cancer cells and virus-infected cells directly, and inducing target cells to undergo cell death.

Granulocytes are large, have an irregularly-shaped nucleus, a life span of 48 to 72 hours, and contain cytoplasmic granules with enzymes released through degranulation.

The balanced state of the body’s ability to fight against non-self matters while maintaining tolerance to avoid attacking self-matters.

+10 mm Hg.

They are important in allergic reactions.

0 mm Hg.

They increase in number with allergies.

They expel pathogens through bowel movements and vomit.

Adaptive immunity.

Antibody-mediated immune response and cell-mediated immune response.

A quicker and more intense response due to the presence of memory cells.

They proliferate into effector T cells for a faster and more intense secondary immune response.

Small water-soluble molecules such as glucose and gases.

The fluid pressing against the capillary wall due to the pumping force of the heart, which pushes fluid out of the capillaries from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure.

Extracellular antigens

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

They are part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and help protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.

A 'non-self' substance or anything without 'self markers' that triggers an immune response.

Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and sometimes pus and fever.

Membrane-bound and secretory.

It blocks the effect of antigens.

Activation

Immunity developed in response to an infection.

Fluid and solutes flow across endothelial cells from blood capillaries to the interstitial space.

T cells.

Action

Autoimmune disorders, persistent infections or unresolved acute inflammation, and prolonged exposure to irritants (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, hepatitis, atherosclerosis).

T cells

No, it is not required.

Chronic inflammation, pain, organ dysfunction, and potentially death.

An exaggerated immune reaction (hypersensitivity) to harmless substances (allergens).

Pollens, metals, food ingredients, dust mites.

Bone and nervous tissue.

Blunt-ended linear system.

Large nucleus, no granules in cytoplasm, migrate from blood vessels to body tissues by diapedesis, differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

Fluid exits the capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (35 mm Hg) is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25 mm Hg).

Neutrophils are mainly responsible for phagocytosis and tissue repair, and they are actively mobile and responsible for the inflammatory response.

It is found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk, and protects against pathogens at entry points.

It is involved in allergic reactions and provides protection against parasitic infections.

Neutrophils, macrophages (including liver macrophages or Kupffer cells, lung macrophages or dust cells), and dendritic cells.

They break down old blood cells.

Long-lasting.

Around the first week.

Activated B cell multiplies; most evolve into plasma cells, some become memory B cells

Larger molecules such as albumin and red blood cells.

Antibodies received from an injection or infusion.

Shorter, resolving within days or weeks.

Secrete antibodies

By enhancing plasma cell activity

Antibody-mediated immunity

A condition characterized by a weak or absent immune response, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

It absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines and delivers them to the blood.

It is the most abundant in secondary immune response, provides long-term immunity, and crosses the placenta.

They flush pathogens away.

Yes, toxins secreted by pathogens can act as antigens.

Active and Passive.

Virus-infected cells are considered antigens because they display 'non-self' markers that trigger an immune response.

They break down inhaled pathogens.

Macrophages and dendritic cells.

Capture and digest targets into pieces.

Short-lasting.

Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.

T-cell receptor

A condition where the immune system attacks 'self' tissues.

Increased blood flow and metabolic activity in the affected area.

The body develops its own immunity in response to an infection or vaccination.

They activate cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells to produce antibodies.

In the bone marrow.

The second encounter with the same antigen.

Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to the antigen

They are selectively retained and can respond to pathogens.

B-cell receptor

Mutated cells can act as antigens because they are recognized as 'non-self' by the immune system.

B cells.

It activates the antigen-specific B cell

Proliferation

Enzymes are secreted to digest the invaders.

T-cell receptors.

Memory B cells proliferate into plasma cells for a faster and more intense secondary immune response

Longer, lasting for weeks, months, or even years.

Type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis.

IgE binding with allergens, leading to the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from basophils.

The body receives the immunity from others.

Develop in bone marrow, mature and differentiate in the thymus.

Monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells).

Intracellular and extracellular antigens

Destroy abnormal cells with specific antigens

By enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity

Cell-mediated immunity

It destroys old red blood cells.

Lymph vessels and lymphoid organs.

Closed circulatory system.

Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

It filters and returns some interstitial fluid to the blood.

To house and support immune cells.

The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein, and the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein.

The remainder of the body.

Lymphatic capillaries, lymphoid vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph ducts.

Water, Electrolytes, Proteins, Fats, and White blood cells.

Pressure changes during breathing.

Similarly to movement in veins, facilitated by skeletal muscle contractions and assisted by pressure changes during breathing.

Closed-end vessels composed of endothelial cells.

To collect and return interstitial fluid and lymph to the blood circulatory system.