What causes nociceptive pain?
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Tissue injury.
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What causes nociceptive pain?
Tissue injury.
What do higher scores on the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool indicate?
More pain.
What should be done if a client feels pain during a health assessment?
Assess that area last if possible.
What are some physiotherapy techniques used for chronic pain relief?
Hydrotherapy, repositioning, active stretching, raising limbs, and passive range-of-motion exercises.
What is a key difference in signs of distress between acute and chronic pain?
Signs of distress are present in acute pain but absent in chronic pain.
What physical symptom may result from severe acute pain?
Joint stiffness due to limitation.
What localized tenderness was noted in the case study?
Localized tenderness at C3 and C4.
What type of pain is short and self-limiting, dissipating after the injured tissue has healed?
C. Acute
What role does physiotherapy play in managing chronic pain syndromes?
It may alleviate pain in neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
What are the two types of persistent pain?
Malignant (cancer-related) and nonmalignant.
How can pain affect respiratory function?
Pain may be a precursor to hypoventilation and hypoxia, as patients may not be able to cough effectively.
What types of interventions can be used during a health assessment if the client experiences pain?
Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions.
Is pain considered a normal part of aging?
No, pain is not a normal process of aging.
What is a simple but effective tool for pain relief?
The application of ice or heat.
What does the 'D' in COLDSPA assess?
Duration: How long does the pain last? Does it reoccur?
How can massage therapy help in pain management?
It can relieve muscle and soft tissue pain.
What type of pain does the patient describe?
Severe, stabbing, and squeezing pain with radiation to the right shoulder blade.
What actions should be taken if a client is experiencing pain during a health assessment?
Reassess the pain, provide comfort measures, and adjust the assessment approach.
What are some causes of neuropathic pain?
Direct nerve trauma, infections, metabolic problems, or may be drug induced.
What is the purpose of completing a pain assessment?
To evaluate a patient's pain using appropriate techniques.
What is a common fear among children regarding medical procedures?
Fear of injections.
What are some gender-related factors in pain perception?
Differences in prevalence rates of painful conditions and potential genetic differences.
What does the 'L' in COLDSPA indicate?
Location: Where is the pain located? Does it radiate?
What are some indicators of chronic pain?
Fear, anxiety, depression, and isolation.
How does chronic pain affect mobility?
It can lead to limited mobility and function.
How does the patient rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10?
How did the lumbar area respond to palpation?
Tender to moderate palpation.
What daily activities may be affected by chronic pain?
The ability to complete day-to-day activities may decrease, leading to increased fatigue.
What is the score range for the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool?
0 to 8.
What is the focus of Unit 4 in the Pain Assessment course?
Pain Assessment.
What is the source of deep somatic pain?
B. Bones and joints.
What is the most reliable indicator for pain?
B. Patient’s self-report.
What is a common misconception about pain in infants and young children?
That infants do not remember pain, leading to a higher risk for under treatment.
What might children use to report pain?
Words or phrases specific to their understanding.
What is a characteristic of acute pain?
It is short-term and self-limiting.
When should pediatric pain management techniques be taught?
Before the procedure, to allow the child to focus on the activity.
What is the relationship between older adults and chronic conditions?
Older adults have a higher incidence of pain related to chronic conditions.
Does chronic pain stop when tissue heals?
No, it does not stop when tissue heals.
What does the 'O' in COLDSPA refer to?
Onset: When did the pain begin?
What benefits does heat provide in pain management?
It helps relax muscles, decrease spasm, and decrease muscle tightness.
What is Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) used for?
It is effective in acute pain episodes and chronic pain conditions.
In which conditions has TENS been found effective?
Neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
What does the 'S' in COLDSPA measure?
Severity: How bad is the pain?
What is the Brief Pain Inventory used for?
To assess pain over the previous 24 hours.
What is the onset period of the patient's epigastric pain?
Within the past 2 weeks.
What is a risk for individuals who are unable to report pain?
They are at high risk of under-treatment.
What physical changes may occur due to poorly controlled pain?
Changes can include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and muscle tension.
What is the PQRSTU method used for?
It is used to assess pain through a structured examination.
What was observed in both shoulder joints?
Crepitus noted.
What impact does chronic pain have on family dynamics?
It can cause family distress.
What symptoms accompany the patient's pain?
Nausea.
What is the purpose of the Faces Pain Scale – Revised?
To assess pain in patients aged 4 to 5 years.
How does chronic pain affect quality of life?
It diminishes quality of life.
What are some indicators of moderate to intense pain in an unconscious individual?
Grimacing, wincing, moaning, rigidity, arching, restlessness, shaking, and pushing.
What behavior was noted regarding the patient's lower back?
Rubs lower back frequently.
What should be done after completing a pain assessment?
Document and report the findings to the collaborative team.
How does acute pain typically behave over time?
It follows a predictable trajectory and dissipates after the injury heals.
What does the 'C' in COLDSPA stand for in pain assessment?
Character: Describe the sign or symptom, including how it feels, looks, sounds, or smells.
What does the PQRSTU/COLDSPA acronym stand for in pain assessment?
It is a tool used to evaluate pain characteristics.
What are the different types of pain?
Acute pain and chronic pain.
What does the 'A' in COLDSPA represent?
Associated Factors: What other symptoms occur with the pain?
How do persistent (chronic) pain behaviors adapt over time?
They may give little indication of pain and have a higher risk for underdetection.
How is pain defined in health assessment?
Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does.
What is the Numeric Rating Scale?
A method for patients to rate their pain using numbers.
How do manifestations of neuropathic pain vary?
They vary among patients.
What condition has Ann Green been living with for 20 years?
Osteoarthritis.
What can cause visceral pain?
Injury or stretching due to tumor, ischemia, distension, or contraction.
When should the assessment be stopped?
In some cases, if the pain is significant.
What pediatric strategies can be used for pain management?
Application of heat or ice, deep breathing, and distraction with activities like bubble blowing, musical toys, books, and video games.
What defines persistent (chronic) pain?
It continues for 6 months or longer.
What objective data may indicate acute pain?
Increased heart rate or blood pressure.
What is a notable feature of chronic pain regarding its purpose?
Chronic pain has no useful purpose.
What are cultural and gender factors in pain perception?
They influence how individuals experience and express pain, affecting pain management.
What gastrointestinal symptoms may accompany severe acute pain?
Nausea and vomiting.
What does the 'P' in COLDSPA stand for?
Pattern: What makes the pain better or worse?
What scale is commonly used to rate pain from 0 to 10?
Graduated scale.
What does the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire do?
Ranks a list of pain descriptors.
How can nonverbal but cognitively intact individuals indicate pain intensity?
Using a numerical rating scale, written description, or pointing to the location of pain.
What was the muscle strength rating in the upper extremities?
1+ and equal.
What results from damage to the nerve pathway?
Neuropathic pain.
What provides minimal relief for the patient's pain?
Antacids.
What are pain rating scales used for?
To quantify the intensity of pain experienced by a patient.
What does the 'P' in the pain assessment acronym stand for?
Provocative or palliative: Questions about relief with rest and previous treatments.
What objective signs are noted in the patient?
Diaphoretic, grimacing, difficulty concentrating, breathless, guarding upper abdominal area, and distended abdomen.
How is nociceptive pain typically described?
As 'aching' or 'throbbing'.
What is referred pain?
Pain that originates in one location but is felt in another site.
What is assessed under the 'S' in the pain assessment acronym?
Severity: How the patient would rate the pain on an intensity scale.
What areas does A.G. report increased pain and stiffness?
Neck, arms, and lower back.
What medication does A.G. take for pain relief?
Acetaminophen extra strength, two tablets.
Why does A.G. not participate in field trips offered by her assisted living facility?
Because she 'hurts too much.'
What is one example of a question to assess pain beliefs?
What does your pain mean to you?
What are acute pain behaviors?
Behaviors exhibited during episodes of acute pain, such as grimacing or moaning.
What was the patient's ability to flex their neck?
Unable to flex neck to chest.
What is neuropathic pain caused by?
Lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system.
What should you ask a patient regarding their pain?
How they behave when in pain.
How is neuropathic pain typically described?
As 'burning' or 'shooting'.
What is the Descriptor Scale in pain assessment?
A scale that uses descriptive words to indicate pain intensity.
What are the two types of nociceptive pain?
Somatic and visceral.
What does the 'U' in the pain assessment acronym represent?
Understanding of pain: Questions about the patient's beliefs regarding the cause of pain and comfort goals.
What is a useful question to gauge a patient's description of their pain?
How do you usually describe your pain?
What role does massage therapy play in chronic pain management?
It is an important component.
What is the Visual Analogue Scale used for?
To measure pain intensity on a continuum.
What techniques are appropriate for completing a pain assessment?
Techniques include interviews, observational assessments, and standardized pain scales.
How is pain classified based on its origin?
Pain is classified as nociceptive, neuropathic, or both.
What is observed during the abdominal examination?
Severe tenderness on light palpation of the right upper quadrant and epigastric area; hyperactive bowel sounds in all four quadrants.
What was notable about the patient's facial expression?
Stoic.
Can visceral pain be constant or intermittent?
Yes, it can be either constant or intermittent.
Why is it important to consider patients' understanding and beliefs about pain?
It helps in providing effective pain management tailored to individual needs.
What position helps diminish the patient's pain?
Bringing knees to chest and 'not moving' for a 1-hour period.
What was the patient's ability to flex at the waist?
Limited flexion.
How was the patient's gait described?
Slow and unsteady.
What is visceral pain?
Pain from direct injury or stretching of large interior organs.
Why is it important to document and report findings of a pain assessment?
To ensure effective communication and collaboration within the healthcare team.
What is the age of Ann Green (A.G.)?
85 years old.
What is somatic pain?
Pain that is superficial from skin and subcutaneous tissue or deep from joints, tendons, muscles, or bone.
What is A.G.'s response when asked to rate her pain intensity?
She replies, 'I don't know what number to give; it hurts a lot, on and off.'
What does the 'Q' in the pain assessment acronym refer to?
Quality of pain: Words used to describe the pain.
What does the 'R' in the pain assessment acronym indicate?
Region of body: Questions about where the pain is and if it radiates.
How does A.G. describe her pain?
Aching, with good and bad days.
What question can help understand how others perceive a patient's pain?
How do others know you are in pain?
What is the relationship between referred pain and spinal nerves?
Referred pain is innervated by the same spinal nerve.
What does A.G. report about the radiation of her pain?
She denies radiation of pain.
How can family and friends contribute to a patient's pain experience?
They can provide emotional support and practical help.
What does the 'T' in the pain assessment acronym stand for?
Timing and onset of pain: Questions about when it started and its pattern.
What difficulties does A.G. experience in her daily activities?
Difficulty getting in and out of the bathtub and dressing herself.
How can traditional remedies be relevant in pain assessment?
They reflect cultural beliefs and practices that may influence pain management.
