A fungal infection of the ear canal caused by Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, or Candida albicans.
To build positive pressure in the nasopharynx so that air enters the eustachian tube.
Flies laying eggs in foul-smelling ear discharge.
Collection of pearly white mass of desquamated epithelial cells in the deep meatus.
To delineate the eustachian tube and any obstruction, and indicate its clearance function.
By pinching the nose, taking a deep breath, closing the mouth, and trying to blow air into the ears.
Formation of vesicles on the tympanic membrane, meatal skin, concha, and postauricular groove, with possible involvement of the VIIth and VIIIth cranial nerves.
It tests the ability of the eustachian tube to equilibrate positive and negative pressures to the ambient pressure.
Aspiration of the hematoma under strict aseptic precautions, pressure dressing, and prophylactic antibiotics.
When the tympanic membrane is thin and atrophic, a segment of it or the entire membrane may collapse inwards due to eustachian tube insufficiency, forming a retraction pocket or getting plastered onto the promontory, and may accumulate keratin debris and form a cholesteatoma.
They help clear the secretions and debris in the middle ear towards the nasopharynx.
It is an epithelial track due to incomplete fusion of tubercles, which may get repeatedly infected causing purulent discharge.
It is a collection of blood between the auricular cartilage and its perichondrium, often resulting from blunt trauma seen in boxers, wrestlers, and rugby players.
The infant's tube is wider, shorter, and more horizontal, making it easier for infections and regurgitation from the nasopharynx to reach the middle ear.
Negative intratympanic pressure when the eustachian tube is blocked.
Instilling chloroform water to kill the maggots, which can later be removed by forceps.
Pain in the ear, hearing loss, tinnitus, and sometimes ear discharge.
By noting the time taken for the solution to reach the pharynx and impart a taste, or to stain the pharyngeal secretions.
They may be central, attic, or marginal.
7–10 years.
Ventilation and regulation of middle ear pressure, protection against nasopharyngeal sound pressure and reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions, clearance of middle ear secretions.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with mucous-secreting goblet cells, rich in seromucinous glands in the submucosa.
Nonspecific granulations forming on the outer surface of the tympanic membrane, possibly associated with impacted wax, long-standing foreign body, or external ear infection.
Shiny and pearly grey in color, with a concavity on its lateral surface, and a bright cone of light in the anteroinferior quadrant.
Formation of haemorrhagic bullae on the tympanic membrane and deep meatus, often seen in influenza epidemics.
An inflammatory condition caused by pseudomonas infection, usually in elderly diabetics or those on immunosuppressive drugs, with early manifestations resembling diffuse otitis externa, excruciating pain, appearance of granulations in the ear canal, and common facial paralysis.
Cauliflower ear (pugilistic or boxer’s ear).
It measures the response to a tone presented to the nose and recorded from the external canal.
To verify the entry of air into the middle ear and assess tubal function.
A viral infection involving the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve, characterized by vesicles on the tympanic membrane, deep meatus, concha, and retroauricular sulcus.
Meatoplasty.
A painful condition characterized by formation of haemorrhagic blebs on the tympanic membrane and deep meatus.
By remaining closed and preventing the transmission of high sound pressures from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
A patent eustachian tube.
By asking the patient to swallow while the nose is pinched.
Infections, trauma, burns.
A condition where the middle fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane gets absorbed, leaving a thin drumhead that easily collapses with eustachian tube insufficiency, and perforation of the membrane heals only by epithelial and mucosal layers without the intervening fibrous layer.
Infant eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, while adult eustachian tubes are longer and form an angle of 45° with the horizontal.
Surgical excision of the track if the sinus gets repeatedly infected.
During swallowing, yawning, and sneezing.
The perichondrium is stitched with absorbable sutures, and special care is taken to prevent stripping of perichondrium from cartilage to avoid avascular necrosis.
Intense itching, discomfort or pain in the ear, watery discharge with a musty odor, and ear blockage.
Thorough ear toilet to remove all discharge and epithelial debris, application of specific antifungal agents, and keeping the ear dry.
Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, and salpingopharyngeus.
Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3) nerve.
It may be ruptured by trauma due to objects like a hairpin, matchstick, or unskilled attempts to remove a foreign body, sudden changes in air pressure, pressure by a fluid column, or fracture of the temporal bone.
Hyalinization and later calcification in the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane, appearing as a chalky white plaque, often seen in cases of serous otitis media as a complication of ventilation tube, and may interfere in the conduction of sound.
Rewarming with moist cotton pledgets, application of 0.5% silver nitrate soaks for superficial infection, analgesics for pain, protection of bullae from rupture, and systemic antibiotics for deep infection.
