What are the main consequences of chronic inflammation?
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What are the main consequences of chronic inflammation?
What is the function of CD8+ T Lymphocytes?
They are cytotoxic T cells responsible for inducing apoptosis in infected or malfunctioning cells.
What are 'naked' granulomas?
Granulomas associated with sarcoidosis, characterized by the absence of central necrosis.
Where do macrophages originate from?
Mainly from the bone marrow and the liver during fetal development.
What causes non-caseating granulomas?
Mainly caused by Leprosy.
What are the two main pathways for macrophage activation?
Classical Activation and Alternative Activation.
What is granulomatous inflammation?
A type of proliferative chronic inflammation involving macrophages, epithelioid cells, giant multinucleated cells, and T lymphocytes.
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, potential involvement of eosinophils, and longer duration.
How can chronic inflammation promote tumorigenesis?
It can potentially lead to metastasis.
What mediators do Mast Cells release during inflammation?
Prostaglandins and histamine.
What characterizes foreign body granulomas?
They are caused by foreign bodies in the center of the lesion, surrounded by giant multinucleated cells and epithelial cells.
What are the anti-inflammatory effects mentioned in the text?
Removal of debris and promotion of fibrosis.
What is an infectious granuloma?
A granuloma that occurs with infections provoked by mycobacteria, exhibiting a central necrotic focus with calcification.
What cytokine do Th1 cells primarily produce?
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).
What triggers the recruitment of Eosinophils?
Eotaxins and IgE antibodies.
What are the effects of systemic inflammation on the central nervous system?
Symptoms such as somnolence, fever, and anorexia.
What is a lymphoid granuloma?
A granuloma that occurs with infections provoked by Treponema Pallidum and Mycobacteria, lacking calcification.
What triggers classical activation of macrophages?
Contact with bacterial and fungal infections, induced by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.
What do B Lymphocytes produce to protect the body?
Various immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG).
How do cytokines affect leukocyte mobilization?
They stimulate the production of more inflammatory mediators, increasing the number of leukocytes in circulation.
What are some specific types of resident macrophages?
Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and microglia in the central nervous system.
What is an immune granuloma?
An immune response associated with a microbiological agent or autoimmune disease.
What is a common outcome of unresolved acute inflammation?
Formation of scars.
What is scarring or fibrosis in the context of chronic inflammation?
Scar tissue forms by macrophages and granulocytes, often impairing the original tissue's function.
What systemic effects can result from inflammatory cytokines entering the bloodstream?
Increased inflammation, leukocyte mobilization, vascular effects, bone marrow stimulation, CNS effects, and liver response.
What is the role of epithelial cells in fenced granulomas?
They form a 'fence' or barrier to isolate the area of necrosis.
What characterizes caseating granulomas?
They have a central necrotic focus with calcification.
What does propagation of chronic inflammation refer to?
Chronic inflammation can spread to other areas of the body, causing similar inflammatory processes.
What are fenced granulomas associated with?
Conditions like arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Which interleukin is mentioned as reducing inflammation and supporting tissue repair?
IL-10.
What are the three possible fates of chronic inflammation?
Complete resolution, scarring or fibrosis, and propagation.
What role do CD4+ T Lymphocytes play in the immune response?
They are helper lymphocytes that produce cytokines and coordinate immune responses.
What happens during complete resolution of chronic inflammation?
The inflammatory process is resolved, and the tissue returns to its normal state.
What are some causes of chronic inflammation?
Persistent infections, hypersensitivity diseases, autoimmune diseases, and prolonged exposure to toxic agents.
What is a key feature of chronic inflammation in terms of cellular infiltration?
Infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells, predominantly lymphocytes producing cytokines.
What is sarcoidosis characterized by?
Non-calcified granulomas lacking central necrosis and a lymphocyte ring.
What are some causes of chronic inflammation?
Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, prolonged exposure to toxins, and unresolved acute inflammation.
What role do cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play in macrophage activation?
They help resolve inflammation and promote healing.
