Lecture 9 - Medically Important Virus 2

CMV IgM in blood is an antibody that indicates a recent infection with Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

There are 41 antigenic types of Adenoviruses.

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), New Variant CJD, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI).

A cesarean section may be performed to prevent the transmission of herpes simplex virus from an infected mother to her newborn during delivery.

Cell culture involves antigen detection to identify HSV 1 or HSV 2.

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, characterized by the presence of painful vesicular lesions on the genital area.

Education and Awareness involve providing information on transmission routes, such as sexual contact and blood exposure, and raising awareness about the importance of vaccination and screening.

The term 'vaccination' comes from the Latin word 'vacca', meaning cow, reflecting the use of cowpox in the development of the vaccine.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells to help fight infections and remove dead cells.

Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious viral infection that can be transmitted through inhalation, airborne particles, or direct contact.

It means that a single virus can express multiple distinct proteins on its surface, allowing it to elicit a diverse antibody response from the immune system, as different antibodies can bind to different viral proteins.

Stress, HIV, trauma, and pregnancy can trigger the reactivation of Varicella.

The incubation period of the smallpox virus is 7 to 14 days.

The recurrent form or reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is known as Zoster or shingles.

HBV and HCV are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, also known as liver cancer.

A single, stable serotype means that there is only one type of the virus, which simplifies the development and effectiveness of the vaccine.

The presence of HBs antigen indicates that the person is infectious.

The 1st antibody refers to the initial type of antibody produced in response to an infection, typically IgM, which is crucial for early immune response.

Vaccination refers to the administration of the Hepatitis B vaccine to prevent infection by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Edward Jenner is known as the pioneer of vaccination, having developed the first successful smallpox vaccine.

HPV 16 and 18 are oncogenic viruses associated with genital cancer and cervical cancer.

The stages of the skin rash caused by smallpox include macule, papule, vesicles, pustules, and crusts.

Neonatal herpes is a serious infection in newborns caused by the herpes simplex virus, often transmitted from the mother during childbirth, particularly if the mother has genital herpes lesions at the time of delivery.

HPV types 16 and 18 are the most cancerous types, primarily linked to cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers.

Certain viruses are difficult to culture because they require living cells or tissues for replication, making laboratory cultivation challenging.

The production of infective virus by latently infected cells.

The pathogenesis of the smallpox virus involves infection of the upper respiratory tract, followed by lymph node involvement, primary viraemia into the blood, spread to internal organs, secondary viraemia, and finally reaching the skin.

The lab diagnosis for varicella (VZV) involves testing blood for IgM antibodies.

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) has only one serotype.

Herpesviruses establish latent infections, which can reactivate under conditions such as immunosuppression, stress, or during pregnancy.

The absence of an animal reservoir means that humans are the only hosts for the virus, reducing the chances of the virus re-emerging from animal sources.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the nasopharynx, often linked to the Epstein-Barr virus and influenced by environmental factors.

HPV types 6 and 11 are associated with laryngeal papilloma.

Easily recognized clinical symptoms allow for quick identification and isolation of infected individuals, preventing further spread of the virus.

No, there is currently no vaccine available for Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the blood vessel walls, presenting as bruises and can lead to bleeding and death.

Zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection that occurs when the varicella-zoster virus reactivates in the nerve roots, causing a painful rash typically confined to a specific area of the body.

Genital warts are small, flesh-colored or gray growths that appear on the genital area, caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

A Tzanck smear involves staining cells from the base of vesicles with Giemsa stain to identify multinucleated giant cells, indicating herpes infection.

The primary disease caused by Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is Chicken pox, also known as varicella.

After hepatic vesicles rupture, they expose the mucosa, increasing the risk of transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases.

IgD is an antibody class that is primarily found on the surface of B cells and plays a role in initiating B cell activation.

Hepatitis B can be prevented by not reusing needles and syringes, using disposable syringes, ensuring blood donors are tested, proper sterilization, using condoms, and being faithful to a partner.

Immunocompetent patients with varicella do not require antiviral therapy.

A group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions, characterized by sponge-like degeneration of the brain.

EBV is a virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with various cancers such as Burkitt’s Lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

To prevent the transmission of prion diseases, which can be infectious and lead to serious neurological conditions.

The Smallpox vaccine is derived from the Vaccinia virus.

Laboratory diagnosis of HPV involves PCR to detect high-risk genotypes.

Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sharing razors, as the virus can be present in blood and bodily fluids that may remain on the razor's surface.

A non-self protein, such as a microorganism protein, that triggers an immune response.

A persistent virus that remains in ganglia.

High-risk groups include parenteral drug abusers, institutionalized persons, health care personnel, individuals who have received blood transfusions, haemodialysis patients and staff, highly promiscuous persons, and newborn infants born to mothers with hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B virus is a DNA double-stranded virus that can be transmitted sexually, through blood transfusion, and from mother to child.

Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that can establish latent infections and frequently reactivate, especially in immunosuppressed patients.

You should consult a dermatologist for warts caused by HPV.

Vaccination is a specific method to prevent Hepatitis B infection.

Chronic infection management for hepatitis B includes regular monitoring and antiviral treatment for individuals with chronic hepatitis B to reduce the risk of transmission.

EBV causes infectious mononucleosis, characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes.

A baby may not be born vaginally if the mother has cervical cancer to prevent the risk of the baby contracting the virus during delivery.

Severe gum issues can indicate an inflammatory response where Monocytes are activated to combat infection or tissue damage in the oral cavity.

An oropharyngeal lesion is an abnormal growth or sore located in the oropharynx, which is the part of the throat located behind the mouth. These lesions can be benign or malignant and may be associated with various conditions, including infections, trauma, or cancers.

The first contact with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

HBV can be transmitted through parenteral routes, sexual contact, and vertically from mother to child.

Herpes encephalitis is rapidly diagnosed using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

Warts caused by HPV are non-malignant growths on the skin that can spread through contact or sharing items.

The morphology of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is similar to that of other herpesviruses.

Poxviruses are the largest viruses, characterized by double-stranded DNA, an enveloped structure, and a complex shape.

Culture and antigen detection are methods used to identify the presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a sample, confirming an active infection.

HSV 1 typically establishes latency in the trigeminal ganglion.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a sensitive technique used to detect the genetic material of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a sample, aiding in diagnosis.

A prompt antibody response ensures that the immune system quickly recognizes and fights off the virus, providing effective protection against infection.

Herpesviruses are susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy, which can help manage infections.

No, PCR cannot detect prions as they are infectious proteins without nucleic acid.

VZIG (varicella zoster immune globulin) is given clinically to neutralize the virus in patients needing treatment.

HHV 8, also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated virus, is a virus that causes malignancy of vascular endothelium.

The laboratory diagnosis for EBV involves detecting EBV-specific antibodies.

Smallpox is considered the only disease eradicated from the earth due to successful global vaccination efforts that eliminated the virus in the wild.

Herpetic whitlow is a painful infection of the fingers caused by the herpes simplex virus, characterized by blisters and swelling.

Antigen and antibody binding refers to the specific interaction between an antigen, which is a substance that can induce an immune response, and an antibody, which is a protein produced by the immune system to neutralize or eliminate the antigen.

Varicella hides in nerve ganglia after the initial infection.

Genital Herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus, characterized by painful sores in the genital area.

IgM is the first antibody produced after infection.

IgE is an antibody class primarily involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections.

No, warts caused by HPV are non-malignant.

The vaccine used for smallpox is a live attenuated vaccinia virus.

Post-exposure prophylaxis refers to the administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and vaccine to individuals who have been exposed to the hepatitis B virus.

Heterophile negative infectious mononucleosis is a form of mononucleosis that can occur in immunocompetent individuals infected with CMV.

Adenoviruses are transmitted via aerosol, fecal-oral route, and direct inoculation.

Warts caused by HPV can spread by contact and sharing items.

Prevention of varicella (VZV) is achieved through immunoprophylaxis, specifically the live attenuated VZV vaccine.

HPV types 6 and 11 are known to cause genital warts, also referred to as condylomata acuminata.

Common inducers that can reactivate HSV include stress, trauma, fever, and sunlight.

The Smallpox virus has a single stable serotype, which means there is only one strain of the virus, making it easier to control and eradicate compared to viruses with multiple strains.

Avoid contact with vesicular lesions or ulcers to prevent transmission of HSV 1 & 2.

Immunity following a Varicella infection is lifelong.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a virus that causes infections in humans, primarily manifesting as oral or genital lesions.

A protein produced by the host in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.

Screening involves testing pregnant women for hepatitis B to identify and treat positive cases, and encouraging routine screening for high-risk populations such as healthcare workers.

Clinically apparent disease produced by reactivation of the virus.

Congenital abnormalities in newborns can occur due to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, leading to conditions such as mental retardation.

Blood safety involves ensuring the safety of blood and blood products through screening and promoting the use of disposable needles in medical settings.

EBV is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma.

The E6 gene produces proteins that inhibit the p53 protein of the host, contributing to the pathogenesis of HPV.

Smallpox is caused by the variola virus.

The mode of transmission for Parvovirus B19 includes respiratory route, transplacental transmission, and transfusion.

Cell-mediated immunity is important to limit HSV infections by controlling viral replication and reactivation.

Some Herpesviruses can cause cancers, while others may lead to mild infections.

EBV is associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and B cell lymphoma.

HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and sexual contact.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), also known as HHV 1, is a common herpes virus that primarily causes oral herpes.

The Smallpox virus is considered a potential bio-weapon due to its high mortality rate and the fact that it has been eradicated, meaning the population lacks immunity.

Zoster can occur after a primary Varicella infection (chicken pox).

Slapped cheek syndrome, also known as fifth disease, is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19, characterized by a distinctive facial rash that resembles slapped cheeks, primarily affecting children.

The presence of HBs antibody indicates immunity against HBV infection.

Herpes Labialis, commonly known as cold sores, is an infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus, typically affecting the lips and surrounding areas.

IgA is an antibody class that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity.

Hepatic vesicles are fluid-filled blisters that can occur in the genital area during a herpes outbreak, which may rupture and expose the underlying mucosa.

Safe sex practices include the use of condoms and avoiding the sharing of needles, razors, and toothbrushes to reduce the risk of transmitting infections.

Infectious proteins that lack nucleic acid and are highly resistant to inactivation by UV light and heat, causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

Burkitt's Lymphoma is a type of hematological malignancy characterized by the rapid growth of tumors, often associated with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Yes, warts caused by HPV are treatable.

HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with carcinoma of the cervix, penis, and anus.

In immunocompromised individuals, CMV can cause pneumonia, esophagitis, hepatitis, retinitis, and diarrhea.

Hairy leukoplakia is a condition associated with EBV, often seen in immunocompromised individuals.

The Smallpox virus, also known as variola virus, is the causative agent of smallpox, a disease that has been eradicated from the earth.

EBV is transmitted primarily through the exchange of saliva, such as through kissing or sharing cups.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), also known as HHV 5, is a common virus that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals and newborns.

A viral infection that is transmitted through contact, often in settings like swimming pools, characterized by benign skin lesions.

IgG is the most abundant antibody in the blood.

To detect viruses, one can either look for the presence of viral antigens or the antibodies produced in response to the infection.

Cowpox, which milkmaids were exposed to, was used by Edward Jenner to create immunity against smallpox.

Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) non-enveloped viruses that can cause various diseases.

Damaged skin in genital herpes increases the risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted infections due to compromised mucosal barriers.

Cytomegalic inclusion disease is a condition in children caused by CMV, which can result in mental retardation.

Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) non-enveloped virus associated with diseases such as erythema infectiosum and aplastic anemia.

HHV 8 is associated with Kaposi sarcoma.

Immunocompromised patients with varicella are treated with acyclovir or famciclovir.

Cervical cancer is transmitted sexually, primarily through human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with both Burkitt's Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, but the cancers occur in different regions of the body due to varying environmental factors.

Antiviral treatment reduces viral shedding and shortens the duration of illness but has no effect on the latent state.

The modes of transmission for the Smallpox virus include contact and airborne routes.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as HHV 8, is linked to Kaposi's sarcoma and other malignancies.

Latency in sensory ganglion refers to the ability of HSV 1 and 2 to remain dormant in nerve cells, specifically in the trigeminal ganglion for HSV 1 and lumbar/sacral ganglion for HSV 2, allowing for potential reactivation.

Adenoviruses can cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, pharyngitis, common cold, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA non-enveloped virus with approximately 100 types, some of which are associated with skin warts and others with genital warts and oncogenic potential.

In immunosuppressed patients, Herpesviruses frequently reactivate, leading to serious health complications.

HPV types 1 to 4 are associated with skin warts.

Zoster is the reactivation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) that causes painful vesicles distributed on the skin, corresponding to the areas of innervation from an individual dorsal root ganglion.

Parvovirus B19 is diagnosed in the laboratory by detecting IgM antibodies specific to the virus.

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are used to treat HSV 1 & 2.

It is very difficult to make a vaccine for HPV due to the complexity of the virus and its various types.

Cesarean section is recommended for term pregnancies in women who have genital lesions.

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) remains latent in the dorsal root ganglion.

The three important Poxviruses are Smallpox virus, Vaccinia virus, and Molluscum contagiosum virus.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix, often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and can be transmitted sexually.

HSV 2 typically establishes latency in the lumbar and sacral ganglion.

Prevention methods include strict asepsis and hand washing.

No, chickenpox is caused by a herpes DNA virus, not a Poxvirus.

The Gardasil vaccine protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, as well as 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

The incubation period for Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is 14 to 21 days.

The laboratory diagnosis of HHV 8 is typically done through biopsy.

Patients can die, experience disfigurement, or go blind as a result of the disease.

Once recovered from smallpox, individuals may have scars on their skin.

Erythema infectiosum is also known as slapped cheek syndrome or fifth disease, caused by Parvovirus B19.

Ganciclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

CMV can be transmitted from mother to child, through saliva, sexually, via blood transfusion, and through organ transplant.

Post herpetic neuralgia is a painful condition that can occur after the resolution of Zoster, characterized by persistent nerve pain in the affected area.

In immunocompromised patients, Zoster can lead to life-threatening disseminated infections such as pneumonia.

Lifelong immunity after infection with the Smallpox virus means that once a person has recovered from smallpox, they are immune to the disease for the rest of their life.

HHV 8 can affect the skin, oral cavity, sole, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs.

The Smallpox virus does not change like influenza, which frequently mutates, making it more stable and predictable in terms of infection and immunity.

Permanent blindness can occur if the smallpox infection affects the eyes.

Environmental factors are external influences that can lead to the development of malignancies, such as exposure to certain chemicals or lifestyle choices.

HPV types 16 and 18 are considered oncogenic viruses, associated with malignancies such as cervical cancer.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is the malignancy associated with HHV 8.

There are currently no vaccines available for HSV 1 & 2.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as HHV 3, is the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles.

The absence of carriers or subclinical infections means that individuals do not spread the virus without showing symptoms, making it easier to control outbreaks.

The Cervarix vaccine targets HPV types 16 and 18.

HHV 8 can be transmitted sexually, through saliva, and via organ transplant.

Complications associated with Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) include varicella pneumonia and encephalitis.

Varicella (chicken pox) typically occurs once in a person's life.

Parvovirus B19 can cause aplastic anemia, particularly in individuals with sickle cell anemia.

The mode of transmission for Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is through respiratory droplets and direct contact.

The clinical features of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) include typical vesicular lesions.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2), also known as HHV 2, is a herpes virus that primarily causes genital herpes.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as HHV 4, is a herpes virus associated with infectious mononucleosis and certain cancers.